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bh=Hunk2Dv1mebPSEeGUspQczD4 2feWNf6sRslRoqaD9x4=; b=33m25o9OsFO5l3zjvISU1ttAkoFEsdWWD7CgzOx6 fC4HehvWZSOk3tjy5SD4cMAU8Lt99d8I/f5YC8NmHFO8wz+m75fWLW3TX/tXiN9y PPKSBfZmsgmnTuQPOzARa1MGLiCP71c7dT72r5OxKVSYB2UtapBdyfaSqpTvUTaC sjaMkrANYElMsbMEIlliiDx/T6lUR5hk6hSlvLoBLSldrGFiTLaV0Af4mfqt6Fe0 D7AN6/3OzTpCgoCufHH3hLRO1rasGIPT5ndOrNaqobxHy7Pp2mifDFeWHXRVCPke gM81OQAepWn2NKRQH5OBSsD/lJyVQFA4vn/TP8BMvtyaNA== X-Virus-Scanned: by MailRoute Received: from 011.lax.mailroute.net ([127.0.0.1]) by localhost (011.lax [127.0.0.1]) (mroute_mailscanner, port 10029) with LMTP id yijDWlHsKgO7; Thu, 19 Feb 2026 14:53:32 +0000 (UTC) Received: from [10.237.57.149] (173-255-98-114.utilitytelephone.net [173.255.98.114]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (2048 bits) server-digest SHA256) (No client certificate requested) (Authenticated sender: bvanassche@acm.org) by 011.lax.mailroute.net (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 4fGxG232syz1XM6JF; Thu, 19 Feb 2026 14:53:30 +0000 (UTC) Message-ID: Date: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 06:53:28 -0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird Subject: Re: [LSF/MM/BPF TOPIC] Memory fragmentation with large block sizes To: Hannes Reinecke , lsf-pc , "linux-nvme@lists.infradead.org" , "linux-block@vger.kernel.org" , linux-mm@kvack.org References: Content-Language: en-US From: Bart Van Assche In-Reply-To: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Stat-Signature: w1t8wcm3nu97s33jjrnhjm8mgqpwutuq X-Rspam-User: X-Rspamd-Server: rspam08 X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 8E309180009 X-HE-Tag: 1771512814-338204 X-HE-Meta: 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 Y7kcYHMH ctOc2Xciqz1v5CqR2Pn/yGM38Yg== X-Bogosity: Ham, tests=bogofilter, spamicity=0.000000, version=1.2.4 Sender: owner-linux-mm@kvack.org Precedence: bulk X-Loop: owner-majordomo@kvack.org List-ID: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: On 2/19/26 1:54 AM, Hannes Reinecke wrote: > I (together with the Czech Technical University) did some experiments=20 > trying to measure memory fragmentation with large block sizes. > Testbed used was an nvme setup talking to a nvmet storage over > the network. >=20 > Doing so raised some challenges: >=20 > - How do you _generate_ memory fragmentation? The MM subsystem is > =C2=A0 precisely geared up to avoid it, so you would need to come up > =C2=A0 with some idea how to defeat it. With the help from Willy I man= aged > =C2=A0 to come up with something, but I really would like to discuss > =C2=A0 what would be the best option here. > - What is acceptable memory fragmentation? Are we good enough if the > =C2=A0 measured fragmentation does not grow during the test runs? > - Do we have better visibility into memory fragmentation other than > =C2=A0 just reading /proc/buddyinfo? The larger the block size, the higher the write amplification (WAF), isn't it? Why to increase the block size since there is a solution available that doesn't increase WAF, namely zoned storage? Additionally, why is contiguous memory required for block sizes larger than the page size? Does this perhaps come from the VFS layer? If so, is this something that can be fixed? Thanks, Bart.