Re: [PATCH v2] docs/mm: Physical Memory: Populate the "Zones" section

[Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>]

On Sat, Mar 15, 2025 at 09:13:17PM +0000, Jiwen Qi wrote:
> Briefly describe what zones are and the fields of struct zone.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Jiwen Qi <jiwen7.qi@gmail.com>

Acked-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>

> ---
> Changes since v1:
>  - Addressed review comments from Bagas Sanjaya.
>  - Addressed review comments from Mike Rapoport.
> 
>  Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst | 266 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
>  1 file changed, 264 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst b/Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst
> index 71fd4a6acf42..d3ac106e6b14 100644
> --- a/Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst
> +++ b/Documentation/mm/physical_memory.rst
> @@ -338,10 +338,272 @@ Statistics
>  
>  Zones
>  =====
> +As we have mentioned, each zone in memory is described by a ``struct zone``
> +which is an element of the ``node_zones`` array of the node it belongs to.
> +``struct zone`` is the core data structure of the page allocator. A zone
> +represents a range of physical memory and may have holes.
> +
> +The page allocator uses the GFP flags, see :ref:`mm-api-gfp-flags`, specified by
> +a memory allocation to determine the highest zone in a node from which the
> +memory allocation can allocate memory. The page allocator first allocates memory
> +from that zone, if the page allocator can't allocate the requested amount of
> +memory from the zone, it will allocate memory from the next lower zone in the
> +node, the process continues up to and including the lowest zone. For example, if
> +a node contains ``ZONE_DMA32``, ``ZONE_NORMAL`` and ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` and the
> +highest zone of a memory allocation is ``ZONE_MOVABLE``, the order of the zones
> +from which the page allocator allocates memory is ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` >
> +``ZONE_NORMAL`` > ``ZONE_DMA32``.
> +
> +At runtime, free pages in a zone are in the Per-CPU Pagesets (PCP) or free areas
> +of the zone. The Per-CPU Pagesets are a vital mechanism in the kernel's memory
> +management system. By handling most frequent allocations and frees locally on
> +each CPU, the Per-CPU Pagesets improve performance and scalability, especially
> +on systems with many cores. The page allocator in the kernel employs a two-step
> +strategy for memory allocation, starting with the Per-CPU Pagesets before
> +falling back to the buddy allocator. Pages are transferred between the Per-CPU
> +Pagesets and the global free areas (managed by the buddy allocator) in batches.
> +This minimizes the overhead of frequent interactions with the global buddy
> +allocator.
> +
> +Architecture specific code calls free_area_init() to initializes zones.
> +
> +Zone structure
> +--------------
> +The zones structure ``struct zone`` is defined in ``include/linux/mmzone.h``.
> +Here we briefly describe fields of this structure:
>  
> -.. admonition:: Stub
> +General
> +~~~~~~~
>  
> -   This section is incomplete. Please list and describe the appropriate fields.
> +``_watermark``
> +  The watermarks for this zone. When the amount of free pages in a zone is below
> +  the min watermark, boosting is ignored, an allocation may trigger direct
> +  reclaim and direct compaction, it is also used to throttle direct reclaim.
> +  When the amount of free pages in a zone is below the low watermark, kswapd is
> +  woken up. When the amount of free pages in a zone is above the high watermark,
> +  kswapd stops reclaiming (a zone is balanced) when the
> +  ``NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING`` bit of ``sysctl_numa_balancing_mode`` is not
> +  set. The promo watermark is used for memory tiering and NUMA balancing. When
> +  the amount of free pages in a zone is above the promo watermark, kswapd stops
> +  reclaiming when the ``NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING`` bit of
> +  ``sysctl_numa_balancing_mode`` is set. The watermarks are set by
> +  ``__setup_per_zone_wmarks()``. The min watermark is calculated according to
> +  ``vm.min_free_kbytes`` sysctl. The other three watermarks are set according
> +  to the distance between two watermarks. The distance itself is calculated
> +  taking ``vm.watermark_scale_factor`` sysctl into account.
> +
> +``watermark_boost``
> +  The number of pages which are used to boost watermarks to increase reclaim
> +  pressure to reduce the likelihood of future fallbacks and wake kswapd now
> +  as the node may be balanced overall and kswapd will not wake naturally.
> +
> +``nr_reserved_highatomic``
> +  The number of pages which are reserved for high-order atomic allocations.
> +
> +``nr_free_highatomic``
> +  The number of free pages in reserved highatomic pageblocks
> +
> +``lowmem_reserve``
> +  The array of the amounts of the memory reserved in this zone for memory
> +  allocations. For example, if the highest zone a memory allocation can
> +  allocate memory from is ``ZONE_MOVABLE``, the amount of memory reserved in
> +  this zone for this allocation is ``lowmem_reserve[ZONE_MOVABLE]`` when
> +  attempting to allocate memory from this zone. This is a mechanism the page
> +  allocator uses to prevent allocations which could use ``highmem`` from using
> +  too much ``lowmem``. For some specialised workloads on ``highmem`` machines,
> +  it is dangerous for the kernel to allow process memory to be allocated from
> +  the ``lowmem`` zone. This is because that memory could then be pinned via the
> +  ``mlock()`` system call, or by unavailability of swapspace.
> +  ``vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio`` sysctl determines how aggressive the kernel is in
> +  defending these lower zones. This array is recalculated by
> +  ``setup_per_zone_lowmem_reserve()`` at runtime if ``vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio``
> +  sysctl changes.
> +
> +``node``
> +  The index of the node this zone belongs to. Available only when
> +  ``CONFIG_NUMA`` is enabled because there is only one zone in a UMA system.
> +
> +``zone_pgdat``
> +  Pointer to the ``struct pglist_data`` of the node this zone belongs to.
> +
> +``per_cpu_pageset``
> +  Pointer to the Per-CPU Pagesets (PCP) allocated and initialized by
> +  ``setup_zone_pageset()``. By handling most frequent allocations and frees
> +  locally on each CPU, PCP improves performance and scalability on systems with
> +  many cores.
> +
> +``pageset_high_min``
> +  Copied to the ``high_min`` of the Per-CPU Pagesets for faster access.
> +
> +``pageset_high_max``
> +  Copied to the ``high_max`` of the Per-CPU Pagesets for faster access.
> +
> +``pageset_batch``
> +  Copied to the ``batch`` of the Per-CPU Pagesets for faster access. The
> +  ``batch``, ``high_min`` and ``high_max`` of the Per-CPU Pagesets are used to
> +  calculate the number of elements the Per-CPU Pagesets obtain from the buddy
> +  allocator under a single hold of the lock for efficiency. They are also used
> +  to decide if the Per-CPU Pagesets return pages to the buddy allocator in page
> +  free process.
> +
> +``pageblock_flags``
> +  The pointer to the flags for the pageblocks in the zone (see
> +  ``include/linux/pageblock-flags.h`` for flags list). The memory is allocated
> +  in ``setup_usemap()``. Each pageblock occupies ``NR_PAGEBLOCK_BITS`` bits.
> +  Defined only when ``CONFIG_FLATMEM`` is enabled. The flags is stored in
> +  ``mem_section`` when ``CONFIG_SPARSEMEM`` is enabled.
> +
> +``zone_start_pfn``
> +  The start pfn of the zone. It is initialized by
> +  ``calculate_node_totalpages()``.
> +
> +``managed_pages``
> +  The present pages managed by the buddy system, which is calculated as:
> +  ``managed_pages`` = ``present_pages`` - ``reserved_pages``, ``reserved_pages``
> +  includes pages allocated by the memblock allocator. It should be used by page
> +  allocator and vm scanner to calculate all kinds of watermarks and thresholds.
> +  It is accessed using ``atomic_long_xxx()`` functions. It is initialized in
> +  ``free_area_init_core()`` and then is reinitialized when memblock allocator
> +  frees pages into buddy system.
> +
> +``spanned_pages``
> +  The total pages spanned by the zone, including holes, which is calculated as:
> +  ``spanned_pages`` = ``zone_end_pfn`` - ``zone_start_pfn``. It is initialized
> +  by ``calculate_node_totalpages()``.
> +
> +``present_pages``
> +  The physical pages existing within the zone, which is calculated as:
> +  ``present_pages`` = ``spanned_pages`` - ``absent_pages`` (pages in holes). It
> +  may be used by memory hotplug or memory power management logic to figure out
> +  unmanaged pages by checking (``present_pages`` - ``managed_pages``). Write
> +  access to ``present_pages`` at runtime should be protected by
> +  ``mem_hotplug_begin/done()``. Any reader who can't tolerant drift of
> +  ``present_pages`` should use ``get_online_mems()`` to get a stable value. It
> +  is initialized by ``calculate_node_totalpages()``.
> +
> +``present_early_pages``
> +  The present pages existing within the zone located on memory available since
> +  early boot, excluding hotplugged memory. Defined only when
> +  ``CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG`` is enabled and initialized by
> +  ``calculate_node_totalpages()``.
> +
> +``cma_pages``
> +  The pages reserved for CMA use. These pages behave like ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` when
> +  they are not used for CMA. Defined only when ``CONFIG_CMA`` is enabled.
> +
> +``name``
> +  The name of the zone. It is a pointer to the corresponding element of
> +  the ``zone_names`` array.
> +
> +``nr_isolate_pageblock``
> +  Number of isolated pageblocks. It is used to solve incorrect freepage counting
> +  problem due to racy retrieving migratetype of pageblock. Protected by
> +  ``zone->lock``. Defined only when ``CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION`` is enabled.
> +
> +``span_seqlock``
> +  The seqlock to protect ``zone_start_pfn`` and ``spanned_pages``. It is a
> +  seqlock because it has to be read outside of ``zone->lock``, and it is done in
> +  the main allocator path. However, the seqlock is written quite infrequently.
> +  Defined only when ``CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG`` is enabled.
> +
> +``initialized``
> +  The flag indicating if the zone is initialized. Set by
> +  ``init_currently_empty_zone()`` during boot.
> +
> +``free_area``
> +  The array of free areas, where each element corresponds to a specific order
> +  which is a power of two. The buddy allocator uses this structure to manage
> +  free memory efficiently. When allocating, it tries to find the smallest
> +  sufficient block, if the smallest sufficient block is larger than the
> +  requested size, it will be recursively split into the next smaller blocks
> +  until the required size is reached. When a page is freed, it may be merged
> +  with its buddy to form a larger block. It is initialized by
> +  ``zone_init_free_lists()``.
> +
> +``unaccepted_pages``
> +  The list of pages to be accepted. All pages on the list are ``MAX_PAGE_ORDER``.
> +  Defined only when ``CONFIG_UNACCEPTED_MEMORY`` is enabled.
> +
> +``flags``
> +  The zone flags. The least three bits are used and defined by
> +  ``enum zone_flags``. ``ZONE_BOOSTED_WATERMARK`` (bit 0): zone recently boosted
> +  watermarks. Cleared when kswapd is woken. ``ZONE_RECLAIM_ACTIVE`` (bit 1):
> +  kswapd may be scanning the zone. ``ZONE_BELOW_HIGH`` (bit 2): zone is below
> +  high watermark.
> +
> +``lock``
> +  The main lock that protects the internal data structures of the page allocator
> +  specific to the zone, especially protects ``free_area``.
> +
> +``percpu_drift_mark``
> +  When free pages are below this point, additional steps are taken when reading
> +  the number of free pages to avoid per-cpu counter drift allowing watermarks
> +  to be breached. It is updated in ``refresh_zone_stat_thresholds()``.
> +
> +Compaction control
> +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> +
> +``compact_cached_free_pfn``
> +  The PFN where compaction free scanner should start in the next scan.
> +
> +``compact_cached_migrate_pfn``
> +  The PFNs where compaction migration scanner should start in the next scan.
> +  This array has two elements: the first one is used in ``MIGRATE_ASYNC`` mode,
> +  and the other one is used in ``MIGRATE_SYNC`` mode.
> +
> +``compact_init_migrate_pfn``
> +  The initial migration PFN which is initialized to 0 at boot time, and to the
> +  first pageblock with migratable pages in the zone after a full compaction
> +  finishes. It is used to check if a scan is a whole zone scan or not.
> +
> +``compact_init_free_pfn``
> +  The initial free PFN which is initialized to 0 at boot time and to the last
> +  pageblock with free ``MIGRATE_MOVABLE`` pages in the zone. It is used to check
> +  if it is the start of a scan.
> +
> +``compact_considered``
> +  The number of compactions attempted since last failure. It is reset in
> +  ``defer_compaction()`` when a compaction fails to result in a page allocation
> +  success. It is increased by 1 in ``compaction_deferred()`` when a compaction
> +  should be skipped. ``compaction_deferred()`` is called before
> +  ``compact_zone()`` is called, ``compaction_defer_reset()`` is called when
> +  ``compact_zone()`` returns ``COMPACT_SUCCESS``, ``defer_compaction()`` is
> +  called when ``compact_zone()`` returns ``COMPACT_PARTIAL_SKIPPED`` or
> +  ``COMPACT_COMPLETE``.
> +
> +``compact_defer_shift``
> +  The number of compactions skipped before trying again is
> +  ``1<<compact_defer_shift``. It is increased by 1 in ``defer_compaction()``.
> +  It is reset in ``compaction_defer_reset()`` when a direct compaction results
> +  in a page allocation success. Its maximum value is ``COMPACT_MAX_DEFER_SHIFT``.
> +
> +``compact_order_failed``
> +  The minimum compaction failed order. It is set in ``compaction_defer_reset()``
> +  when a compaction succeeds and in ``defer_compaction()`` when a compaction
> +  fails to result in a page allocation success.
> +
> +``compact_blockskip_flush``
> +  Set to true when compaction migration scanner and free scanner meet, which
> +  means the ``PB_migrate_skip`` bits should be cleared.
> +
> +``contiguous``
> +  Set to true when the zone is contiguous (in other words, no hole).
> +
> +Statistics
> +~~~~~~~~~~
> +
> +``vm_stat``
> +  VM statistics for the zone. The items tracked are defined by
> +  ``enum zone_stat_item``.
> +
> +``vm_numa_event``
> +  VM NUMA event statistics for the zone. The items tracked are defined by
> +  ``enum numa_stat_item``.
> +
> +``per_cpu_zonestats``
> +  Per-CPU VM statistics for the zone. It records VM statistics and VM NUMA event
> +  statistics on a per-CPU basis. It reduces updates to the global ``vm_stat``
> +  and ``vm_numa_event`` fields of the zone to improve performance.
>  
>  .. _pages:
>  
> 
> base-commit: 0ad2507d5d93f39619fc42372c347d6006b64319
> -- 
> 2.34.1
> 

-- 
Sincerely yours,
Mike.