Re: [RFC PATCH 5/8] mm/vmalloc: map contiguous pages in batches for vmap() if possible

[Barry Song <baohua@kernel.org>]

On Wed, Apr 8, 2026 at 12:20 PM Dev Jain <dev.jain@arm.com> wrote:
>
>
>
> On 08/04/26 8:21 am, Barry Song (Xiaomi) wrote:
> > In many cases, the pages passed to vmap() may include high-order
> > pages allocated with __GFP_COMP flags. For example, the systemheap
> > often allocates pages in descending order: order 8, then 4, then 0.
> > Currently, vmap() iterates over every page individually—even pages
> > inside a high-order block are handled one by one.
> >
> > This patch detects high-order pages and maps them as a single
> > contiguous block whenever possible.
> >
> > An alternative would be to implement a new API, vmap_sg(), but that
> > change seems to be large in scope.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Barry Song (Xiaomi) <baohua@kernel.org>
> > ---
>
> Coincidentally, I was working on the same thing :)

Interesting, thanks — at least I’ve got one good reviewer :-)

>
> We have a usecase regarding Arm TRBE and SPE aux buffers.
>
> I'll take a look at your patches later, but my implementation is the

Yes. Please.


> following, if you have any comments. I have squashed the patches into
> a single diff.

Thanks very much, Dev. What you’ve done is quite similar to
patches 5/8 and 6/8, although the code differs somewhat.

>
>
>
> From ccb9670a52b7f50b1f1e07b579a1316f76b84811 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
> From: Dev Jain <dev.jain@arm.com>
> Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 16:21:29 +0530
> Subject: [PATCH] arm64/perf: map AUX buffer with large pages
>
> Signed-off-by: Dev Jain <dev.jain@arm.com>
> ---
>  .../hwtracing/coresight/coresight-etm-perf.c  |  3 +-
>  drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-trbe.c  |  3 +-
>  drivers/perf/arm_spe_pmu.c                    |  5 +-
>  mm/vmalloc.c                                  | 86 ++++++++++++++++---
>  4 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-etm-perf.c b/drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-etm-perf.c
> index 72017dcc3b7f1..e90a430af86bb 100644
> --- a/drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-etm-perf.c
> +++ b/drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-etm-perf.c
> @@ -984,7 +984,8 @@ int __init etm_perf_init(void)
>
>         etm_pmu.capabilities            = (PERF_PMU_CAP_EXCLUSIVE |
>                                            PERF_PMU_CAP_ITRACE |
> -                                          PERF_PMU_CAP_AUX_PAUSE);
> +                                          PERF_PMU_CAP_AUX_PAUSE |
> +                                          PERF_PMU_CAP_AUX_PREFER_LARGE);
>
>         etm_pmu.attr_groups             = etm_pmu_attr_groups;
>         etm_pmu.task_ctx_nr             = perf_sw_context;
> diff --git a/drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-trbe.c b/drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-trbe.c
> index 1511f8eb95afb..74e6ad891e236 100644
> --- a/drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-trbe.c
> +++ b/drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-trbe.c
> @@ -760,7 +760,8 @@ static void *arm_trbe_alloc_buffer(struct coresight_device *csdev,
>         for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++)
>                 pglist[i] = virt_to_page(pages[i]);
>
> -       buf->trbe_base = (unsigned long)vmap(pglist, nr_pages, VM_MAP, PAGE_KERNEL);
> +       buf->trbe_base = (unsigned long)vmap(pglist, nr_pages,
> +                        VM_MAP | VM_ALLOW_HUGE_VMAP, PAGE_KERNEL);
>         if (!buf->trbe_base) {
>                 kfree(pglist);
>                 kfree(buf);
> diff --git a/drivers/perf/arm_spe_pmu.c b/drivers/perf/arm_spe_pmu.c
> index dbd0da1116390..90c349fd66b2c 100644
> --- a/drivers/perf/arm_spe_pmu.c
> +++ b/drivers/perf/arm_spe_pmu.c
> @@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@ static void *arm_spe_pmu_setup_aux(struct perf_event *event, void **pages,
>         for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; ++i)
>                 pglist[i] = virt_to_page(pages[i]);
>
> -       buf->base = vmap(pglist, nr_pages, VM_MAP, PAGE_KERNEL);
> +       buf->base = vmap(pglist, nr_pages, VM_MAP | VM_ALLOW_HUGE_VMAP, PAGE_KERNEL);
>         if (!buf->base)
>                 goto out_free_pglist;
>
> @@ -1064,7 +1064,8 @@ static int arm_spe_pmu_perf_init(struct arm_spe_pmu *spe_pmu)
>         spe_pmu->pmu = (struct pmu) {
>                 .module = THIS_MODULE,
>                 .parent         = &spe_pmu->pdev->dev,
> -               .capabilities   = PERF_PMU_CAP_EXCLUSIVE | PERF_PMU_CAP_ITRACE,
> +               .capabilities   = PERF_PMU_CAP_EXCLUSIVE | PERF_PMU_CAP_ITRACE |
> +                                 PERF_PMU_CAP_AUX_PREFER_LARGE,
>                 .attr_groups    = arm_spe_pmu_attr_groups,
>                 /*
>                  * We hitch a ride on the software context here, so that
> diff --git a/mm/vmalloc.c b/mm/vmalloc.c
> index 61caa55a44027..8482463d41203 100644
> --- a/mm/vmalloc.c
> +++ b/mm/vmalloc.c
> @@ -660,14 +660,14 @@ int __vmap_pages_range_noflush(unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
>                 pgprot_t prot, struct page **pages, unsigned int page_shift)
>  {
>         unsigned int i, nr = (end - addr) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
> -
> +       unsigned long step = 1UL << (page_shift - PAGE_SHIFT);
>         WARN_ON(page_shift < PAGE_SHIFT);
>
>         if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_HUGE_VMALLOC) ||
>                         page_shift == PAGE_SHIFT)
>                 return vmap_small_pages_range_noflush(addr, end, prot, pages);
>
> -       for (i = 0; i < nr; i += 1U << (page_shift - PAGE_SHIFT)) {
> +       for (i = 0; i < ALIGN_DOWN(nr, step); i += step) {
>                 int err;
>
>                 err = vmap_range_noflush(addr, addr + (1UL << page_shift),
> @@ -678,8 +678,9 @@ int __vmap_pages_range_noflush(unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
>
>                 addr += 1UL << page_shift;
>         }
> -
> -       return 0;
> +       if (IS_ALIGNED(nr, step))
> +               return 0;
> +       return vmap_small_pages_range_noflush(addr, end, prot, pages + i);
>  }
>
>  int vmap_pages_range_noflush(unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
> @@ -3514,6 +3515,50 @@ void vunmap(const void *addr)
>  }
>  EXPORT_SYMBOL(vunmap);
>
> +static inline unsigned int vm_shift(pgprot_t prot, unsigned long size)
> +{
> +       if (arch_vmap_pmd_supported(prot) && size >= PMD_SIZE)
> +               return PMD_SHIFT;
> +
> +       return arch_vmap_pte_supported_shift(size);
> +}
> +
> +static inline int __vmap_huge(struct page **pages, pgprot_t prot,
> +               unsigned long addr, unsigned int count)
> +{
> +       unsigned int i = 0;
> +       unsigned int shift;
> +       unsigned long nr;
> +
> +       while (i < count) {
> +               nr = num_pages_contiguous(pages + i, count - i);
> +               shift = vm_shift(prot, nr << PAGE_SHIFT);
> +               if (vmap_pages_range(addr, addr + (nr << PAGE_SHIFT),
> +                                    pgprot_nx(prot), pages + i, shift) < 0) {
> +                       return 1;
> +               }

One observation on my side is that the performance gain is somewhat
offset by page table zigzagging caused by what you are doing here -
iterating each mem segment by vmap_pages_range() .

In patch 3/8, I enhanced vmap_small_pages_range_noflush() to
avoid repeated pgd → p4d → pud → pmd → pte traversals for page
shifts other than PAGE_SHIFT. This improves performance for
vmalloc as well as vmap(). Then, in patch 7/8, I adopt the new
vmap_small_pages_range_noflush() and eliminate the iteration.

> +               i += nr;
> +               addr += (nr << PAGE_SHIFT);
> +       }
> +       return 0;
> +}
> +
> +static unsigned long max_contiguous_stride_order(struct page **pages,
> +               pgprot_t prot, unsigned int count)
> +{
> +       unsigned long max_shift = PAGE_SHIFT;
> +       unsigned int i = 0;
> +
> +       while (i < count) {
> +               unsigned long nr = num_pages_contiguous(pages + i, count - i);
> +               unsigned long shift = vm_shift(prot, nr << PAGE_SHIFT);
> +
> +               max_shift = max(max_shift, shift);
> +               i += nr;
> +       }
> +       return max_shift;
> +}
> +
>  /**
>   * vmap - map an array of pages into virtually contiguous space
>   * @pages: array of page pointers
> @@ -3552,15 +3597,32 @@ void *vmap(struct page **pages, unsigned int count,
>                 return NULL;
>
>         size = (unsigned long)count << PAGE_SHIFT;
> -       area = get_vm_area_caller(size, flags, __builtin_return_address(0));
> +       if (flags & VM_ALLOW_HUGE_VMAP) {
> +               /* determine from page array, the max alignment */
> +               unsigned long max_shift = max_contiguous_stride_order(pages, prot, count);
> +
> +               area = __get_vm_area_node(size, 1 << max_shift, max_shift, flags,
> +                                         VMALLOC_START, VMALLOC_END, NUMA_NO_NODE,
> +                                         GFP_KERNEL, __builtin_return_address(0));
> +       } else {
> +               area = get_vm_area_caller(size, flags, __builtin_return_address(0));
> +       }
>         if (!area)
>                 return NULL;
>
>         addr = (unsigned long)area->addr;
> -       if (vmap_pages_range(addr, addr + size, pgprot_nx(prot),
> -                               pages, PAGE_SHIFT) < 0) {
> -               vunmap(area->addr);
> -               return NULL;
> +
> +       if (flags & VM_ALLOW_HUGE_VMAP) {
> +               if (__vmap_huge(pages, prot, addr, count)) {
> +                       vunmap(area->addr);
> +                       return NULL;
> +               }
> +       } else {
> +               if (vmap_pages_range(addr, addr + size, pgprot_nx(prot),
> +                                       pages, PAGE_SHIFT) < 0) {
> +                       vunmap(area->addr);
> +                       return NULL;
> +               }
>         }
>
>         if (flags & VM_MAP_PUT_PAGES) {
> @@ -4011,11 +4073,7 @@ void *__vmalloc_node_range_noprof(unsigned long size, unsigned long align,
>                  * their allocations due to apply_to_page_range not
>                  * supporting them.
>                  */
> -
> -               if (arch_vmap_pmd_supported(prot) && size >= PMD_SIZE)
> -                       shift = PMD_SHIFT;
> -               else
> -                       shift = arch_vmap_pte_supported_shift(size);
> +               shift = vm_shift(prot, size);

What I actually did is different. In patches 1/8 and 2/8, I
extended the arm64 levels to support N * CONT_PTE, and let the
final PTE mapping use the maximum possible batch after avoiding
zigzag. This further improves all orders greater than CONT_PTE.

Thanks
Barry