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Thu, 25 Sep 2025 11:47:55 -0400 (EDT) Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Mime-Version: 1.0 (Mac OS X Mail 16.0 \(3864.100.1.1.5\)) Subject: Re: [RFC Patch 0/7] kernel: Introduce multikernel architecture support From: Jiaxun Yang In-Reply-To: <20250918222607.186488-1-xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 23:47:43 +0800 Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, pasha.tatashin@soleen.com, Cong Wang , Andrew Morton , Baoquan He , Alexander Graf , Mike Rapoport , Changyuan Lyu , kexec@lists.infradead.org, linux-mm@kvack.org Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-Id: References: <20250918222607.186488-1-xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> To: Cong Wang X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.3864.100.1.1.5) X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 569804000A X-Rspamd-Server: rspam05 X-Stat-Signature: nyygk3cqx8en5rpe4don6ut4gte8ktpw X-Rspam-User: X-HE-Tag: 1758815281-585486 X-HE-Meta: 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 niOyKoOY 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 X-Bogosity: Ham, tests=bogofilter, spamicity=0.000000, version=1.2.4 Sender: owner-linux-mm@kvack.org Precedence: bulk X-Loop: owner-majordomo@kvack.org List-ID: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: > 2025=E5=B9=B49=E6=9C=8819=E6=97=A5 06:25=EF=BC=8CCong Wang = =E5=86=99=E9=81=93=EF=BC=9A >=20 > This patch series introduces multikernel architecture support, = enabling > multiple independent kernel instances to coexist and communicate on a > single physical machine. Each kernel instance can run on dedicated CPU > cores while sharing the underlying hardware resources. Hi Cong, Sorry for chime in here, and thanks for brining replicated-kernel back = to the life. I have some experience on original Popcorn Linux [1] [2], which seems to = be the root of most code in this series, please see my comments below. >=20 > The multikernel architecture provides several key benefits: > - Improved fault isolation between different workloads > - Enhanced security through kernel-level separation I=E2=80=99d agree with Stefen=E2=80=99s comments [3], an "isolation=E2=80=9D= solution is critical for adaptation of multikernel OS, given that multi-tenant system is almost everywhere. Also allowing other kernel to inject IPI without any restriction can = impose DOS attack risk. > - Better resource utilization than traditional VM (KVM, Xen etc.) > - Potential zero-down kernel update with KHO (Kernel Hand Over) >=20 > Architecture Overview: > The implementation leverages kexec infrastructure to load and manage > multiple kernel images, with each kernel instance assigned to specific > CPU cores. Inter-kernel communication is facilitated through a = dedicated > IPI framework that allows kernels to coordinate and share information > when necessary. >=20 > Key Components: > 1. Enhanced kexec subsystem with dynamic kimage tracking > 2. Generic IPI communication framework for inter-kernel messaging I actually have concerns over inter-kernel communication. The origin = Popcorn IPI protocol, which seems to be inherited here, was designed as a = prototype, without much consideration on the ecosystem. It would be nice if we can = reused existing infra design for inter kernel communication. I would suggest look into OpenAMP [4] and remoteproc subsystem in = kernel. They already have mature solutions on communication between different kernels = over coherent memory and mailboxes (rpmsg [5] co). They also defined ELF extensions to = pass side band information for other kernel images.=20 Linaro folks are also working on a new VirtIO transport called = virtio-msg [6], [7], which is designed with Linux-Linux hardware partitioning scenario in mind. > 3. Architecture-specific CPU bootstrap mechanisms (only x86 so far) > 4. Proc interface for monitoring loaded kernel instances >=20 >=20 [=E2=80=A6] Thanks - Jiaxun [1]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2014/ols2014-barbalace.pdf [2]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/popcornlinux/ [3]: = https://lore.kernel.org/all/CAM_iQpXnHr7WC6VN3WB-+=3DCZGF5pyfo9y9D4MCc_Wwg= p29hBrw@mail.gmail.com/ [4]: https://www.openampproject.org/ [5]: https://docs.kernel.org/staging/rpmsg.html [6]: https://linaro.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/HVAC/overview [7]: https://lwn.net/Articles/1031928/ >=20 >=20 > -- > 2.34.1