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bh=Vpl27CXWyNw1E5p0qpSeNH5VtgWIFNQYsIGABb+zQ7M=; b=LOD/edtl/xmH0qBYpujIhDfyE8nt0O5T37kTYKhGMKAvtXuShEQIpZRTFBmx2KgPiUjqcJ +OGWFQR3T+KKp/PT1lq86vwDF0oxFWPR0hfG4SQhD3hOjtD8UMHPRDqQLGb5PeiJZeql7D NtH4ITGhgJqBQAp3tnJcn/q2msX9ZMo= ARC-Authentication-Results: i=1; imf12.hostedemail.com; dkim=pass header.d=kernel.org header.s=k20201202 header.b="iugcoP8/"; spf=pass (imf12.hostedemail.com: domain of david@kernel.org designates 172.234.252.31 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=david@kernel.org; dmarc=pass (policy=quarantine) header.from=kernel.org Received: from smtp.kernel.org (transwarp.subspace.kernel.org [100.75.92.58]) by sea.source.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 49972403F4; Fri, 27 Mar 2026 08:51:41 +0000 (UTC) Received: by smtp.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 98038C19423; Fri, 27 Mar 2026 08:51:32 +0000 (UTC) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/simple; d=kernel.org; s=k20201202; t=1774601501; bh=eRE737VkH0m4yUEmKC0eyuQyryfv48ciiTpcgZ2tUoc=; h=Date:Subject:To:Cc:References:From:In-Reply-To:From; b=iugcoP8/1cKAEUYF4bMLyAPrdeYNSdV5JHyyBJw9hxFHOheqNs5SgUbQkgYbC0f+Y I6cojohGRLgw4KkRGfCVlZiKY9LptTF1IQ/elRwh3jjigFDtgTw5fJAdMZqESarMwG H35wsUQ4yHt47O6lDz7SZV9KJ0fDKHEg7q5f+rbISwJKHPpoMgtvfnbCWarZZMaeug fJXn1r+qEbm8j0NQJ40AP68M19ZxhLSGF8yQVq8zvYnYOF285qfzu2GGbF4pUvQS/Q z80B80Sc1McwwE3j/nwWprmtB3xlk4y3ipMSnJz/32/37mawf2OZ9g8Eg3F5xxkqif tpF2dcp/ZgxWQ== Message-ID: <48d7c810-d219-4346-9e8b-d70243445a91@kernel.org> Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 09:51:31 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird Subject: Re: [v3 00/24] mm: thp: lazy PTE page table allocation at PMD split time To: Usama Arif , Andrew Morton , Lorenzo Stoakes , willy@infradead.org, linux-mm@kvack.org Cc: fvdl@google.com, hannes@cmpxchg.org, riel@surriel.com, shakeel.butt@linux.dev, kas@kernel.org, baohua@kernel.org, dev.jain@arm.com, baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com, npache@redhat.com, Liam.Howlett@oracle.com, ryan.roberts@arm.com, Vlastimil Babka , lance.yang@linux.dev, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, kernel-team@meta.com, maddy@linux.ibm.com, mpe@ellerman.id.au, linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org, hca@linux.ibm.com, gor@linux.ibm.com, agordeev@linux.ibm.com, borntraeger@linux.ibm.com, svens@linux.ibm.com, linux-s390@vger.kernel.org References: <20260327021403.214713-1-usama.arif@linux.dev> From: "David Hildenbrand (Arm)" Content-Language: en-US Autocrypt: addr=david@kernel.org; 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charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Rspam-User: X-Rspamd-Server: rspam11 X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 760254000A X-Stat-Signature: tap333ihn9yi6dpib9chozta5qjbz6k9 X-HE-Tag: 1774601502-21022 X-HE-Meta: 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 Z4evAm52 QoLxEmajwc6WwnF7verHdKqwg4+YpwrNNmiFWs6uRuz6i/dru4NCig0HYMRkZCVeLGE6y1esQNIyRTe3EfvlMDiOUScdjiB+9rZzt/5Z9lrsvifn4thQ9RsDrEUuNCId9t2WUDu5fMiOp+S1cx8d+PqzEx8Rx5RXDCHyoRg+e3Kh68XRPVfw1BWF0pZQhVGHH78GOPTAgvuR6bTDRn5W7lFwCdtMA6Htuty9BYcrwyn450B6Y+GDDf+HAZ7PHImoAB1ac+T8ZWT1ExpXrqXGwyWWFzWax0abjMcacqPhOwwDvar/u2KMvJzoAMQ== Sender: owner-linux-mm@kvack.org Precedence: bulk X-Loop: owner-majordomo@kvack.org List-ID: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: On 3/27/26 03:08, Usama Arif wrote: > When the kernel creates a PMD-level THP mapping for anonymous pages, it > pre-allocates a PTE page table via pgtable_trans_huge_deposit(). This > page table sits unused in a deposit list for the lifetime of the THP > mapping, only to be withdrawn when the PMD is split or zapped. Every > anonymous THP therefore wastes 4KB of memory unconditionally. On large > servers where hundreds of gigabytes of memory are mapped as THPs, this > adds up: roughly 200MB wasted per 100GB of THP memory. This memory > could otherwise satisfy other allocations, including the very PTE page > table allocations needed when splits eventually occur. > > This series removes the pre-deposit and allocates the PTE page table > lazily — only when a PMD split actually happens. Since a large number > of THPs are never split (they are zapped wholesale when processes exit or > munmap the full range), the allocation is avoided entirely in the common > case. > > The pre-deposit pattern exists because split_huge_pmd was designed as an > operation that must never fail: if the kernel decides to split, it needs > a PTE page table, so one is deposited in advance. But "must never fail" > is an unnecessarily strong requirement. A PMD split is typically triggered > by a partial operation on a sub-PMD range — partial munmap, partial > mprotect, COW on a pinned folio, GUP with FOLL_SPLIT_PMD, and similar. > All of these operations already have well-defined error handling for > allocation failures (e.g., -ENOMEM, VM_FAULT_OOM). Allowing split to > fail and propagating the error through these existing paths is the natural > thing to do. Furthermore, if the system cannot satisfy a single order-0 > allocation for a page table, it is under extreme memory pressure and > failing the operation is the correct response. > > Designing functions like split_huge_pmd as operations that cannot fail > has a subtle but real cost to code quality. It forces a pre-allocation > pattern - every THP creation path must deposit a page table, and every > split or zap path must withdraw one, creating a hidden coupling between > widely separated code paths. > > This also serves as a code cleanup. On every architecture except powerpc > with hash MMU, the deposit/withdraw machinery becomes dead code. The > series removes the generic implementations in pgtable-generic.c and the > s390/sparc overrides, replacing them with no-op stubs guarded by > arch_needs_pgtable_deposit(), which evaluates to false at compile time > on all non-powerpc architectures. > > The series is structured as follows: > > Patches 1-2: Infrastructure — make split functions return int and > propagate errors from vma_adjust_trans_huge() through > __split_vma, vma_shrink, and commit_merge. > > Patches 3-15: Handle split failure at every call site — copy_huge_pmd, > do_huge_pmd_wp_page, zap_pmd_range, wp_huge_pmd, > change_pmd_range (mprotect), follow_pmd_mask (GUP), > walk_pmd_range (pagewalk), move_page_tables (mremap), > move_pages (userfaultfd), device migration, > pagemap_scan_thp_entry (proc), powerpc subpage_prot, > and dax_iomap_pmd_fault (DAX). The code will become > effective in Patch 17 when split functions start > returning -ENOMEM. > > Patch 16: Add __must_check to __split_huge_pmd(), split_huge_pmd() > and split_huge_pmd_address() so the compiler warns on > unchecked return values. > > Patch 17: The actual change — allocate PTE page tables lazily at > split time instead of pre-depositing at THP creation. > This is when split functions will actually start returning > -ENOMEM. > > Patch 18: Remove the now-dead deposit/withdraw code on > non-powerpc architectures. > > Patch 19: Add THP_SPLIT_PMD_FAILED vmstat counter for monitoring > split failures. > > Patches 20-24: Selftests covering partial munmap, mprotect, mlock, > mremap, and MADV_DONTNEED on THPs to exercise the > split paths. > > The error handling patches are placed before the lazy allocation patch so > that every call site is already prepared to handle split failures before > the failure mode is introduced. This makes each patch independently safe > to apply and bisect through. > > The patches were tested with CONFIG_DEBUG_ATOMIC_SLEEP and CONFIG_DEBUG_VM > enabled. The test results are below: > > TAP version 13 > 1..5 > # Starting 5 tests from 1 test cases. > # RUN thp_pmd_split.partial_munmap ... > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:60:partial_munmap:thp_split_pmd: 0 -> 1 > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:62:partial_munmap:thp_split_pmd_failed: 0 -> 0 > # OK thp_pmd_split.partial_munmap > ok 1 thp_pmd_split.partial_munmap > # RUN thp_pmd_split.partial_mprotect ... > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:60:partial_mprotect:thp_split_pmd: 1 -> 2 > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:62:partial_mprotect:thp_split_pmd_failed: 0 -> 0 > # OK thp_pmd_split.partial_mprotect > ok 2 thp_pmd_split.partial_mprotect > # RUN thp_pmd_split.partial_mlock ... > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:60:partial_mlock:thp_split_pmd: 2 -> 3 > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:62:partial_mlock:thp_split_pmd_failed: 0 -> 0 > # OK thp_pmd_split.partial_mlock > ok 3 thp_pmd_split.partial_mlock > # RUN thp_pmd_split.partial_mremap ... > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:60:partial_mremap:thp_split_pmd: 3 -> 4 > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:62:partial_mremap:thp_split_pmd_failed: 0 -> 0 > # OK thp_pmd_split.partial_mremap > ok 4 thp_pmd_split.partial_mremap > # RUN thp_pmd_split.partial_madv_dontneed ... > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:60:partial_madv_dontneed:thp_split_pmd: 4 -> 5 > # thp_pmd_split_test.c:62:partial_madv_dontneed:thp_split_pmd_failed: 0 -> 0 > # OK thp_pmd_split.partial_madv_dontneed > ok 5 thp_pmd_split.partial_madv_dontneed > # PASSED: 5 / 5 tests passed. > # Totals: pass:5 fail:0 xfail:0 xpass:0 skip:0 error:0 > > The patches are based off of mm-unstable as of 25 Mar > git hash: d6f51e38433489eb22cb65d1bf72ac7993c5bdec > > RFC v2 -> v3: https://lore.kernel.org/all/de0dc7ec-7a8d-4b1a-a419-1d97d2e4d510@linux.dev/ Note that we usually go from RFC to v1. I'll put this series on my review backlog, but it will take some time until I get to it (it won't make the next release either way :) ). -- Cheers, David