Re: [PATCH] mm/sparse: Fix race on mem_section->usage in pfn walkers

[Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>]

On Wed, 15 Apr 2026 10:23:26 +0800 Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com> wrote:

> When memory is hot-removed, section_deactivate() can tear down
> mem_section->usage while concurrent pfn walkers still inspect the
> subsection map via pfn_section_valid() or pfn_section_first_valid().
> 
> After commit 5ec8e8ea8b77 ("mm/sparsemem: fix race in accessing
> memory_section->usage") converted the teardown to an RCU-based
> scheme, the code still relies on SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP becoming visible
> to readers before ms->usage is cleared and queued for freeing.
> 
> That ordering is not guaranteed. section_deactivate() can clear
> ms->usage and queue kfree_rcu() before another CPU observes the
> SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP clear. A concurrent pfn walker can therefore see
> valid_section() return true, enter its sched-RCU read-side critical
> section after kfree_rcu() has already been queued, and then dereference
> a stale ms->usage pointer.

Then what happens?  Can it oops?

> And pfn_to_online_page() can call pfn_section_valid() without its
> own sched-RCU read-side critical section, which has similar problem.
> 
> The race looks like this:
> 
>   compact_zone()                    memunmap_pages
>   ==============                    ==============
>                                     __remove_pages()->
>                                       sparse_remove_section()->
>                                         section_deactivate():
>                                           a) [ Clear SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP
>                                                is reordered to b) ]
>                                           kfree_rcu(ms->usage)
>       __pageblock_pfn_to_page
>          ......
>           pfn_valid():
>             rcu_read_lock_sched()
>             valid_section() // return true
>             pfn_section_valid()
>               [Access ms->usage which is UAF]
>                                           WRITE_ONCE(ms->usage, NULL)
>             rcu_read_unlock_sched()       b) Clear SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP
> 
> Fix this by using rcu_replace_pointer() when clearing ms->usage in
> section_deactivate(), then it does not rely on the order of clearing
> of SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP.
> 
> Fixes: 5ec8e8ea8b77 ("mm/sparsemem: fix race in accessing memory_section->usage")

December 2023.

> Signed-off-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
> ---
> This patch is focused on the ms->usage lifetime race only.
> 
> ...
>
> I am not fully sure whether that reasoning is correct, or whether current
> callers are expected to rely on additional hotplug serialization instead.
> Comments on whether this is a real issue, and how the vmemmap lifetime is
> expected to be handled here, would be very helpful.

Thanks.  Quite a bit for consideration.

> --- a/mm/sparse-vmemmap.c
> +++ b/mm/sparse-vmemmap.c
> @@ -601,8 +601,10 @@ static void section_deactivate(unsigned long pfn, unsigned long nr_pages,
>  		 * was allocated during boot.
>  		 */
>  		if (!PageReserved(virt_to_page(ms->usage))) {
> -			kfree_rcu(ms->usage, rcu);
> -			WRITE_ONCE(ms->usage, NULL);
> +			struct mem_section_usage *usage;
> +
> +			usage = rcu_replace_pointer(ms->usage, NULL, true);
> +			kfree_rcu(usage, rcu);
>  		}
>  		memmap = pfn_to_page(SECTION_ALIGN_DOWN(pfn));
>  	}

This part isn't applicable to 7.0 - it depends on material I've sent to
Linus for 7.1-rc1.

So for now I'll drop this into mm-unstable to get it some runtime
testing.  If people like this patch and we decide to proceed with it
then I can make it a hotfix for 7.1-rcX.  But the -stable people will
be wanting a backportable version of it, if we decide to backport,