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([74.48.213.230]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id a92af1059eb24-1272a694059sm6802187c88.2.2026.02.12.19.18.01 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Thu, 12 Feb 2026 19:18:06 -0800 (PST) From: Qiliang Yuan Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2026 11:17:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH v9] mm/page_alloc: boost watermarks on atomic allocation failure MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-Id: <20260213-wujing-mm-page_alloc-v8-v9-1-cd99f3a6cb70@gmail.com> X-B4-Tracking: v=1; b=H4sIAOaXjmkC/3WNwQqDMBBEf0X23C0xgjU99T9Eyhpj3GKMJK1tE f+9qfRamMsbmDcrRBPYRDhnKwSzcGQ/JVCHDPRAkzXIXWKQQpZCihKfjxtPFp3Dmay50jh6jUu FfZurk2pJl72BtJ6D6fm1m+sm8cDx7sN7P1qqb/tz5vKvMyXHjloqKqWE7oqLdcTjUXsHzbZtH 0Sfo/++AAAA To: Andrew Morton , David Hildenbrand , Lorenzo Stoakes , "Liam R. Howlett" , Vlastimil Babka , Mike Rapoport , Suren Baghdasaryan , Michal Hocko , Axel Rasmussen , Yuanchu Xie , Wei Xu , Brendan Jackman , Johannes Weiner , Zi Yan , Lance Yang Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, Qiliang Yuan X-Mailer: b4 0.13.0 X-Rspamd-Server: rspam11 X-Stat-Signature: rab6djj3sj5go39ob4yycpbyzxg7r9ng X-Rspam-User: X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 8FF0F1C000E X-HE-Tag: 1770952688-487168 X-HE-Meta: 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 UMxYTXkY 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 X-Bogosity: Ham, tests=bogofilter, spamicity=0.000000, version=1.2.4 Sender: owner-linux-mm@kvack.org Precedence: bulk X-Loop: owner-majordomo@kvack.org List-ID: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: Atomic allocations (GFP_ATOMIC) are prone to failure under heavy memory pressure as they cannot enter direct reclaim. This patch introduces a watermark boost mechanism to mitigate this issue. When a GFP_ATOMIC request enters the slowpath, the preferred zone's watermark_boost is increased under zone->lock protection. This triggers kswapd to proactively reclaim memory, creating a safety buffer for future atomic allocations. A 1-second debounce timer prevents excessive boosts during traffic bursts. This approach reuses existing watermark_boost infrastructure with minimal overhead and proper locking to ensure thread safety. Allocation failure logs: [38535644.718700] node 0: slabs: 1031, objs: 43328, free: 0 [38535644.725059] node 1: slabs: 339, objs: 17616, free: 317 [38535645.428345] SLUB: Unable to allocate memory on node -1, gfp=0x480020(GFP_ATOMIC) [38535645.436888] cache: skbuff_head_cache, object size: 232, buffer size: 256, default order: 2, min order: 0 [38535645.447664] node 0: slabs: 940, objs: 40864, free: 144 [38535645.454026] node 1: slabs: 322, objs: 19168, free: 383 [38535645.556122] SLUB: Unable to allocate memory on node -1, gfp=0x480020(GFP_ATOMIC) [38535645.564576] cache: skbuff_head_cache, object size: 232, buffer size: 256, default order: 2, min order: 0 [38535649.655523] warn_alloc: 59 callbacks suppressed [38535649.655527] swapper/100: page allocation failure: order:0, mode:0x480020(GFP_ATOMIC), nodemask=(null) [38535649.671692] swapper/100 cpuset=/ mems_allowed=0-1 Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka Signed-off-by: Qiliang Yuan --- v9: - Use mult_frac() for boost calculation. (SJ) - Add !can_direct_reclaim check. (Vlastimil) - Code cleanup: naming, scope, and line limits. (SJ) - Update tags: Add Vlastimil's Acked-by. v8: - Use spin_lock_irqsave() to prevent inconsistent lock state. v7: - Use local variable for boost_amount. - Add zone->lock protection. - Add lockdep assertion. v6: - Use ATOMIC_BOOST_SCALE_SHIFT define. - Add documentation for 0.1% rationale. v5: - Use native boost_watermark(). v4: - Add watermark_scale_boost and gradual decay. v3: - Per-zone debounce timer. v2: - Debounce logic and zone-proportional boosting. v1: - Initial version. --- Link to v8: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260212-wujing-mm-page_alloc-v8-v8-1-daba38990cd3@gmail.com --- include/linux/mmzone.h | 1 + mm/page_alloc.c | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h index 75ef7c9f9307..8e37e4e6765b 100644 --- a/include/linux/mmzone.h +++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h @@ -882,6 +882,7 @@ struct zone { /* zone watermarks, access with *_wmark_pages(zone) macros */ unsigned long _watermark[NR_WMARK]; unsigned long watermark_boost; + unsigned long last_boost_jiffies; unsigned long nr_reserved_highatomic; unsigned long nr_free_highatomic; diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c index c380f063e8b7..8af88584a8bd 100644 --- a/mm/page_alloc.c +++ b/mm/page_alloc.c @@ -218,6 +218,13 @@ unsigned int pageblock_order __read_mostly; static void __free_pages_ok(struct page *page, unsigned int order, fpi_t fpi_flags); +/* + * Boost watermarks by ~0.1% of zone size on atomic allocation pressure. + * This provides zone-proportional safety buffers: ~1MB per 1GB of zone size. + * Larger zones under GFP_ATOMIC pressure need proportionally larger reserves. + */ +#define ATOMIC_BOOST_FACTOR 1 + /* * results with 256, 32 in the lowmem_reserve sysctl: * 1G machine -> (16M dma, 800M-16M normal, 1G-800M high) @@ -2161,6 +2168,9 @@ bool pageblock_unisolate_and_move_free_pages(struct zone *zone, struct page *pag static inline bool boost_watermark(struct zone *zone) { unsigned long max_boost; + unsigned long boost_amount; + + lockdep_assert_held(&zone->lock); if (!watermark_boost_factor) return false; @@ -2189,12 +2199,43 @@ static inline bool boost_watermark(struct zone *zone) max_boost = max(pageblock_nr_pages, max_boost); - zone->watermark_boost = min(zone->watermark_boost + pageblock_nr_pages, - max_boost); + boost_amount = max(pageblock_nr_pages, + mult_frac(zone_managed_pages(zone), ATOMIC_BOOST_FACTOR, 1000)); + zone->watermark_boost = min(zone->watermark_boost + boost_amount, + max_boost); return true; } +static void boost_zone_for_atomic(struct alloc_context *ac, gfp_t gfp_mask) +{ + struct zoneref *z; + struct zone *zone; + unsigned long now = jiffies; + + for_each_zone_zonelist(zone, z, ac->zonelist, ac->highest_zoneidx) { + /* Rate-limit boosts to once per second per zone */ + if (time_after(now, zone->last_boost_jiffies + HZ)) { + unsigned long flags; + bool should_wake; + + zone->last_boost_jiffies = now; + + /* Modify watermark under lock, wake kswapd outside */ + spin_lock_irqsave(&zone->lock, flags); + should_wake = boost_watermark(zone); + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lock, flags); + + if (should_wake) + wakeup_kswapd(zone, gfp_mask, 0, + ac->highest_zoneidx); + + /* Boost only the preferred zone */ + break; + } + } +} + /* * When we are falling back to another migratetype during allocation, should we * try to claim an entire block to satisfy further allocations, instead of @@ -4742,6 +4783,10 @@ __alloc_pages_slowpath(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order, if (page) goto got_pg; + /* Boost watermarks for atomic requests entering slowpath */ + if ((gfp_mask & GFP_ATOMIC) && order == 0 && !can_direct_reclaim) + boost_zone_for_atomic(ac, gfp_mask); + /* * For costly allocations, try direct compaction first, as it's likely * that we have enough base pages and don't need to reclaim. For non- --- base-commit: b54345928fa1dbde534e32ecaa138678fd5d2135 change-id: 20260206-wujing-mm-page_alloc-v8-fb1979bac6fe Best regards, -- Qiliang Yuan