[PATCH v6 0/3] nvme/pci: PRP list DMA pool partitioning

[PATCH v6 0/3] nvme/pci: PRP list DMA pool partitioning

[Caleb Sander Mateos]

NVMe commands with over 8 KB of discontiguous data allocate PRP list
pages from the per-nvme_device dma_pool prp_page_pool or prp_small_pool.
Each call to dma_pool_alloc() and dma_pool_free() takes the per-dma_pool
spinlock. These device-global spinlocks are a significant source of
contention when many CPUs are submitting to the same NVMe devices. On a
workload issuing 32 KB reads from 16 CPUs (8 hypertwin pairs) across 2
NUMA nodes to 23 NVMe devices, we observed 2.4% of CPU time spent in
_raw_spin_lock_irqsave called from dma_pool_alloc and dma_pool_free.

Ideally, the dma_pools would be per-hctx to minimize contention. But
that could impose considerable resource costs in a system with many NVMe
devices and CPUs.

As a compromise, allocate per-NUMA-node PRP list DMA pools. Map each
nvme_queue to the set of DMA pools corresponding to its device and its
hctx's NUMA node. This reduces the _raw_spin_lock_irqsave overhead by
about half, to 1.2%. Preventing the sharing of PRP list pages across
NUMA nodes also makes them cheaper to initialize.

Allocating the dmapool structs on the desired NUMA node further reduces
the time spent in dma_pool_alloc from 0.87% to 0.50%.

Caleb Sander Mateos (2):
  nvme/pci: factor out nvme_init_hctx() helper
  nvme/pci: make PRP list DMA pools per-NUMA-node

Keith Busch (1):
  dmapool: add NUMA affinity support

 drivers/nvme/host/pci.c | 171 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 include/linux/dmapool.h |  17 +++-
 mm/dmapool.c            |  16 ++--
 3 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)

v6:
- Clarify description of when PRP list pages are allocated (Christoph)
- Add Reviewed-by tags

v5:
- Allocate dmapool structs on desired NUMA node (Keith)
- Add Reviewed-by tags

v4:
- Drop the numa_node < nr_node_ids check (Kanchan)
- Add Reviewed-by tags

v3: simplify nvme_release_prp_pools() (Keith)

v2:
- Initialize admin nvme_queue's nvme_prp_dma_pools (Kanchan)
- Shrink nvme_dev's prp_pools array from MAX_NUMNODES to nr_node_ids (Kanchan)

-- 
2.45.2

[PATCH v6 1/3] dmapool: add NUMA affinity support

[Caleb Sander Mateos]

From: Keith Busch <kbusch@kernel.org>

Introduce dma_pool_create_node(), like dma_pool_create() but taking an
additional NUMA node argument. Allocate struct dma_pool on the desired
node, and store the node on dma_pool for allocating struct dma_page.
Make dma_pool_create() an alias for dma_pool_create_node() with node set
to NUMA_NO_NODE.

Signed-off-by: Keith Busch <kbusch@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Caleb Sander Mateos <csander@purestorage.com>
Reviewed-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Reviewed-by: Sagi Grimberg <sagi@grimberg.me>
---
 include/linux/dmapool.h | 17 +++++++++++++----
 mm/dmapool.c            | 16 ++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/dmapool.h b/include/linux/dmapool.h
index f632ecfb4238..bbf1833a24f7 100644
--- a/include/linux/dmapool.h
+++ b/include/linux/dmapool.h
@@ -9,19 +9,20 @@
  */
 
 #ifndef LINUX_DMAPOOL_H
 #define	LINUX_DMAPOOL_H
 
+#include <linux/nodemask_types.h>
 #include <linux/scatterlist.h>
 #include <asm/io.h>
 
 struct device;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_HAS_DMA
 
-struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create(const char *name, struct device *dev, 
-			size_t size, size_t align, size_t allocation);
+struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create_node(const char *name, struct device *dev,
+			size_t size, size_t align, size_t boundary, int node);
 
 void dma_pool_destroy(struct dma_pool *pool);
 
 void *dma_pool_alloc(struct dma_pool *pool, gfp_t mem_flags,
 		     dma_addr_t *handle);
@@ -33,12 +34,13 @@ void dma_pool_free(struct dma_pool *pool, void *vaddr, dma_addr_t addr);
 struct dma_pool *dmam_pool_create(const char *name, struct device *dev,
 				  size_t size, size_t align, size_t allocation);
 void dmam_pool_destroy(struct dma_pool *pool);
 
 #else /* !CONFIG_HAS_DMA */
-static inline struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create(const char *name,
-	struct device *dev, size_t size, size_t align, size_t allocation)
+static inline struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create_node(const char *name,
+	struct device *dev, size_t size, size_t align, size_t boundary,
+	int node)
 { return NULL; }
 static inline void dma_pool_destroy(struct dma_pool *pool) { }
 static inline void *dma_pool_alloc(struct dma_pool *pool, gfp_t mem_flags,
 				   dma_addr_t *handle) { return NULL; }
 static inline void dma_pool_free(struct dma_pool *pool, void *vaddr,
@@ -47,10 +49,17 @@ static inline struct dma_pool *dmam_pool_create(const char *name,
 	struct device *dev, size_t size, size_t align, size_t allocation)
 { return NULL; }
 static inline void dmam_pool_destroy(struct dma_pool *pool) { }
 #endif /* !CONFIG_HAS_DMA */
 
+static inline struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create(const char *name,
+	struct device *dev, size_t size, size_t align, size_t boundary)
+{
+	return dma_pool_create_node(name, dev, size, align, boundary,
+				    NUMA_NO_NODE);
+}
+
 static inline void *dma_pool_zalloc(struct dma_pool *pool, gfp_t mem_flags,
 				    dma_addr_t *handle)
 {
 	return dma_pool_alloc(pool, mem_flags | __GFP_ZERO, handle);
 }
diff --git a/mm/dmapool.c b/mm/dmapool.c
index f0bfc6c490f4..4de531542814 100644
--- a/mm/dmapool.c
+++ b/mm/dmapool.c
@@ -54,10 +54,11 @@ struct dma_pool {		/* the pool */
 	size_t nr_pages;
 	struct device *dev;
 	unsigned int size;
 	unsigned int allocation;
 	unsigned int boundary;
+	int node;
 	char name[32];
 	struct list_head pools;
 };
 
 struct dma_page {		/* cacheable header for 'allocation' bytes */
@@ -197,16 +198,17 @@ static void pool_block_push(struct dma_pool *pool, struct dma_block *block,
 	pool->next_block = block;
 }
 
 
 /**
- * dma_pool_create - Creates a pool of consistent memory blocks, for dma.
+ * dma_pool_create_node - Creates a pool of consistent memory blocks, for dma.
  * @name: name of pool, for diagnostics
  * @dev: device that will be doing the DMA
  * @size: size of the blocks in this pool.
  * @align: alignment requirement for blocks; must be a power of two
  * @boundary: returned blocks won't cross this power of two boundary
+ * @node: optional NUMA node to allocate structs 'dma_pool' and 'dma_page' on
  * Context: not in_interrupt()
  *
  * Given one of these pools, dma_pool_alloc()
  * may be used to allocate memory.  Such memory will all have "consistent"
  * DMA mappings, accessible by the device and its driver without using
@@ -219,12 +221,13 @@ static void pool_block_push(struct dma_pool *pool, struct dma_block *block,
  * boundaries of 4KBytes.
  *
  * Return: a dma allocation pool with the requested characteristics, or
  * %NULL if one can't be created.
  */
-struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create(const char *name, struct device *dev,
-				 size_t size, size_t align, size_t boundary)
+struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create_node(const char *name, struct device *dev,
+				      size_t size, size_t align, size_t boundary,
+				      int node)
 {
 	struct dma_pool *retval;
 	size_t allocation;
 	bool empty;
 
@@ -249,11 +252,11 @@ struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create(const char *name, struct device *dev,
 	else if ((boundary < size) || (boundary & (boundary - 1)))
 		return NULL;
 
 	boundary = min(boundary, allocation);
 
-	retval = kzalloc(sizeof(*retval), GFP_KERNEL);
+	retval = kzalloc_node(sizeof(*retval), GFP_KERNEL, node);
 	if (!retval)
 		return retval;
 
 	strscpy(retval->name, name, sizeof(retval->name));
 
@@ -262,10 +265,11 @@ struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create(const char *name, struct device *dev,
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&retval->page_list);
 	spin_lock_init(&retval->lock);
 	retval->size = size;
 	retval->boundary = boundary;
 	retval->allocation = allocation;
+	retval->node = node;
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&retval->pools);
 
 	/*
 	 * pools_lock ensures that the ->dma_pools list does not get corrupted.
 	 * pools_reg_lock ensures that there is not a race between
@@ -293,11 +297,11 @@ struct dma_pool *dma_pool_create(const char *name, struct device *dev,
 		}
 	}
 	mutex_unlock(&pools_reg_lock);
 	return retval;
 }
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(dma_pool_create);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(dma_pool_create_node);
 
 static void pool_initialise_page(struct dma_pool *pool, struct dma_page *page)
 {
 	unsigned int next_boundary = pool->boundary, offset = 0;
 	struct dma_block *block, *first = NULL, *last = NULL;
@@ -333,11 +337,11 @@ static void pool_initialise_page(struct dma_pool *pool, struct dma_page *page)
 
 static struct dma_page *pool_alloc_page(struct dma_pool *pool, gfp_t mem_flags)
 {
 	struct dma_page *page;
 
-	page = kmalloc(sizeof(*page), mem_flags);
+	page = kmalloc_node(sizeof(*page), mem_flags, pool->node);
 	if (!page)
 		return NULL;
 
 	page->vaddr = dma_alloc_coherent(pool->dev, pool->allocation,
 					 &page->dma, mem_flags);
-- 
2.45.2

Re: [PATCH v6 1/3] dmapool: add NUMA affinity support

[John Garry]

On 26/04/2025 03:06, Caleb Sander Mateos wrote:
> From: Keith Busch <kbusch@kernel.org>
> 
> Introduce dma_pool_create_node(), like dma_pool_create() but taking an
> additional NUMA node argument. Allocate struct dma_pool on the desired
> node, and store the node on dma_pool for allocating struct dma_page.
> Make dma_pool_create() an alias for dma_pool_create_node() with node set
> to NUMA_NO_NODE.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Keith Busch <kbusch@kernel.org>
> Signed-off-by: Caleb Sander Mateos <csander@purestorage.com>
> Reviewed-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
> Reviewed-by: Sagi Grimberg <sagi@grimberg.me>

FWIW,

Reviewed-by: John Garry <john.g.garry@oracle.com>

But a comment below.


>   
>   static struct dma_page *pool_alloc_page(struct dma_pool *pool, gfp_t mem_flags)
>   {
>   	struct dma_page *page;
>   
> -	page = kmalloc(sizeof(*page), mem_flags);
> +	page = kmalloc_node(sizeof(*page), mem_flags, pool->node);
>   	if (!page)
>   		return NULL;

For pool->node != NUMA_NO_NODE, pool->node == numa_node_id(), right? I
mean, aren't we on a CPU in pool->node here? And then - by default - we 
try to allocate from the closest node to current CPU anyway (when not 
specified), I think - that seems to have changed, when checking the 
allocator code.

>   
>   	page->vaddr = dma_alloc_coherent(pool->dev, pool->allocation,
>   					 &page->dma, mem_flags);

Re: [PATCH v6 1/3] dmapool: add NUMA affinity support

[Keith Busch]

On Mon, Apr 28, 2025 at 11:35:12AM +0100, John Garry wrote:
> >   static struct dma_page *pool_alloc_page(struct dma_pool *pool, gfp_t mem_flags)
> >   {
> >   	struct dma_page *page;
> > -	page = kmalloc(sizeof(*page), mem_flags);
> > +	page = kmalloc_node(sizeof(*page), mem_flags, pool->node);
> >   	if (!page)
> >   		return NULL;
> 
> For pool->node != NUMA_NO_NODE, pool->node == numa_node_id(), right? I
> mean, aren't we on a CPU in pool->node here?

Not necessarily. blk-mq hctx's could span numa nodes. We just want to
register the dma pool with whichever one is the first node.

Re: [PATCH v6 1/3] dmapool: add NUMA affinity support

[Kanchan Joshi]

Reviewed-by: Kanchan Joshi <joshi.k@samsung.com>

mm review needed, was: Re: [PATCH v6 1/3] dmapool: add NUMA affinity support

[Christoph Hellwig]

Can I get a mm review for this and an ACK to pick it up through the
nvme tree?  I'll also fix up the minor coding style issues.

[PATCH v6 2/3] nvme/pci: factor out nvme_init_hctx() helper

[Caleb Sander Mateos]

nvme_init_hctx() and nvme_admin_init_hctx() are very similar. In
preparation for adding more logic, factor out a nvme_init_hctx() helper.
Rename the old nvme_init_hctx() to nvme_io_init_hctx().

Signed-off-by: Caleb Sander Mateos <csander@purestorage.com>
Reviewed-by: Kanchan Joshi <joshi.k@samsung.com>
Reviewed-by: Sagi Grimberg <sagi@grimberg.me>
Reviewed-by: Keith Busch <kbusch@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
---
 drivers/nvme/host/pci.c | 29 +++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/nvme/host/pci.c b/drivers/nvme/host/pci.c
index b178d52eac1b..642890ddada5 100644
--- a/drivers/nvme/host/pci.c
+++ b/drivers/nvme/host/pci.c
@@ -395,32 +395,33 @@ static int nvme_pci_npages_prp(void)
 	unsigned max_bytes = (NVME_MAX_KB_SZ * 1024) + NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE;
 	unsigned nprps = DIV_ROUND_UP(max_bytes, NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE);
 	return DIV_ROUND_UP(8 * nprps, NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE - 8);
 }
 
-static int nvme_admin_init_hctx(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, void *data,
-				unsigned int hctx_idx)
+static int nvme_init_hctx(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, void *data, unsigned qid)
 {
 	struct nvme_dev *dev = to_nvme_dev(data);
-	struct nvme_queue *nvmeq = &dev->queues[0];
-
-	WARN_ON(hctx_idx != 0);
-	WARN_ON(dev->admin_tagset.tags[0] != hctx->tags);
+	struct nvme_queue *nvmeq = &dev->queues[qid];
+	struct blk_mq_tags *tags;
 
+	tags = qid ? dev->tagset.tags[qid - 1] : dev->admin_tagset.tags[0];
+	WARN_ON(tags != hctx->tags);
 	hctx->driver_data = nvmeq;
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int nvme_init_hctx(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, void *data,
-			  unsigned int hctx_idx)
+static int nvme_admin_init_hctx(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, void *data,
+				unsigned int hctx_idx)
 {
-	struct nvme_dev *dev = to_nvme_dev(data);
-	struct nvme_queue *nvmeq = &dev->queues[hctx_idx + 1];
+	WARN_ON(hctx_idx != 0);
+	return nvme_init_hctx(hctx, data, 0);
+}
 
-	WARN_ON(dev->tagset.tags[hctx_idx] != hctx->tags);
-	hctx->driver_data = nvmeq;
-	return 0;
+static int nvme_io_init_hctx(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, void *data,
+			     unsigned int hctx_idx)
+{
+	return nvme_init_hctx(hctx, data, hctx_idx + 1);
 }
 
 static int nvme_pci_init_request(struct blk_mq_tag_set *set,
 		struct request *req, unsigned int hctx_idx,
 		unsigned int numa_node)
@@ -1813,11 +1814,11 @@ static const struct blk_mq_ops nvme_mq_admin_ops = {
 static const struct blk_mq_ops nvme_mq_ops = {
 	.queue_rq	= nvme_queue_rq,
 	.queue_rqs	= nvme_queue_rqs,
 	.complete	= nvme_pci_complete_rq,
 	.commit_rqs	= nvme_commit_rqs,
-	.init_hctx	= nvme_init_hctx,
+	.init_hctx	= nvme_io_init_hctx,
 	.init_request	= nvme_pci_init_request,
 	.map_queues	= nvme_pci_map_queues,
 	.timeout	= nvme_timeout,
 	.poll		= nvme_poll,
 };
-- 
2.45.2

Re: [PATCH v6 2/3] nvme/pci: factor out nvme_init_hctx() helper

[Christoph Hellwig]

> -	.init_hctx	= nvme_init_hctx,
> +	.init_hctx	= nvme_io_init_hctx,

Without an overall rename of the methods I'd rather avoid the _io
here and pick a _common name for the common helper.

I can fix that up when applying, no need to resend.

Re: [PATCH v6 2/3] nvme/pci: factor out nvme_init_hctx() helper

[Caleb Sander Mateos]

On Wed, May 7, 2025 at 12:16 AM Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> wrote:
>
> > -     .init_hctx      = nvme_init_hctx,
> > +     .init_hctx      = nvme_io_init_hctx,
>
> Without an overall rename of the methods I'd rather avoid the _io
> here and pick a _common name for the common helper.

Sure, that's fine too.

Best,
Caleb

>
> I can fix that up when applying, no need to resend.
>

[PATCH v6 3/3] nvme/pci: make PRP list DMA pools per-NUMA-node

[Caleb Sander Mateos]

NVMe commands with over 8 KB of discontiguous data allocate PRP list
pages from the per-nvme_device dma_pool prp_page_pool or prp_small_pool.
Each call to dma_pool_alloc() and dma_pool_free() takes the per-dma_pool
spinlock. These device-global spinlocks are a significant source of
contention when many CPUs are submitting to the same NVMe devices. On a
workload issuing 32 KB reads from 16 CPUs (8 hypertwin pairs) across 2
NUMA nodes to 23 NVMe devices, we observed 2.4% of CPU time spent in
_raw_spin_lock_irqsave called from dma_pool_alloc and dma_pool_free.

Ideally, the dma_pools would be per-hctx to minimize contention. But
that could impose considerable resource costs in a system with many NVMe
devices and CPUs.

As a compromise, allocate per-NUMA-node PRP list DMA pools. Map each
nvme_queue to the set of DMA pools corresponding to its device and its
hctx's NUMA node. This reduces the _raw_spin_lock_irqsave overhead by
about half, to 1.2%. Preventing the sharing of PRP list pages across
NUMA nodes also makes them cheaper to initialize.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-nvme/CADUfDZqa=OOTtTTznXRDmBQo1WrFcDw1hBA7XwM7hzJ-hpckcA@mail.gmail.com/T/#u
Signed-off-by: Caleb Sander Mateos <csander@purestorage.com>
Reviewed-by: Kanchan Joshi <joshi.k@samsung.com>
Reviewed-by: Sagi Grimberg <sagi@grimberg.me>
Reviewed-by: Keith Busch <kbusch@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
---
 drivers/nvme/host/pci.c | 144 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/nvme/host/pci.c b/drivers/nvme/host/pci.c
index 642890ddada5..2c554bb7f984 100644
--- a/drivers/nvme/host/pci.c
+++ b/drivers/nvme/host/pci.c
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@
 #include <linux/kstrtox.h>
 #include <linux/memremap.h>
 #include <linux/mm.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/mutex.h>
+#include <linux/nodemask.h>
 #include <linux/once.h>
 #include <linux/pci.h>
 #include <linux/suspend.h>
 #include <linux/t10-pi.h>
 #include <linux/types.h>
@@ -110,21 +111,24 @@ struct nvme_queue;
 
 static void nvme_dev_disable(struct nvme_dev *dev, bool shutdown);
 static void nvme_delete_io_queues(struct nvme_dev *dev);
 static void nvme_update_attrs(struct nvme_dev *dev);
 
+struct nvme_prp_dma_pools {
+	struct dma_pool *large;
+	struct dma_pool *small;
+};
+
 /*
  * Represents an NVM Express device.  Each nvme_dev is a PCI function.
  */
 struct nvme_dev {
 	struct nvme_queue *queues;
 	struct blk_mq_tag_set tagset;
 	struct blk_mq_tag_set admin_tagset;
 	u32 __iomem *dbs;
 	struct device *dev;
-	struct dma_pool *prp_page_pool;
-	struct dma_pool *prp_small_pool;
 	unsigned online_queues;
 	unsigned max_qid;
 	unsigned io_queues[HCTX_MAX_TYPES];
 	unsigned int num_vecs;
 	u32 q_depth;
@@ -160,10 +164,11 @@ struct nvme_dev {
 	struct nvme_host_mem_buf_desc *host_mem_descs;
 	void **host_mem_desc_bufs;
 	unsigned int nr_allocated_queues;
 	unsigned int nr_write_queues;
 	unsigned int nr_poll_queues;
+	struct nvme_prp_dma_pools prp_pools[];
 };
 
 static int io_queue_depth_set(const char *val, const struct kernel_param *kp)
 {
 	return param_set_uint_minmax(val, kp, NVME_PCI_MIN_QUEUE_SIZE,
@@ -189,10 +194,11 @@ static inline struct nvme_dev *to_nvme_dev(struct nvme_ctrl *ctrl)
  * An NVM Express queue.  Each device has at least two (one for admin
  * commands and one for I/O commands).
  */
 struct nvme_queue {
 	struct nvme_dev *dev;
+	struct nvme_prp_dma_pools prp_pools;
 	spinlock_t sq_lock;
 	void *sq_cmds;
 	 /* only used for poll queues: */
 	spinlock_t cq_poll_lock ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
 	struct nvme_completion *cqes;
@@ -395,18 +401,67 @@ static int nvme_pci_npages_prp(void)
 	unsigned max_bytes = (NVME_MAX_KB_SZ * 1024) + NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE;
 	unsigned nprps = DIV_ROUND_UP(max_bytes, NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE);
 	return DIV_ROUND_UP(8 * nprps, NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE - 8);
 }
 
+static struct nvme_prp_dma_pools *
+nvme_setup_prp_pools(struct nvme_dev *dev, unsigned numa_node)
+{
+	struct nvme_prp_dma_pools *prp_pools = &dev->prp_pools[numa_node];
+	size_t small_align = 256;
+
+	if (prp_pools->small)
+		return prp_pools; /* already initialized */
+
+	prp_pools->large = dma_pool_create_node("prp list page", dev->dev,
+						NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE,
+						NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE, 0,
+						numa_node);
+	if (!prp_pools->large)
+		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+
+	if (dev->ctrl.quirks & NVME_QUIRK_DMAPOOL_ALIGN_512)
+		small_align = 512;
+
+	/* Optimisation for I/Os between 4k and 128k */
+	prp_pools->small = dma_pool_create_node("prp list 256", dev->dev,
+						256, small_align, 0, numa_node);
+	if (!prp_pools->small) {
+		dma_pool_destroy(prp_pools->large);
+		prp_pools->large = NULL;
+		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+	}
+
+	return prp_pools;
+}
+
+static void nvme_release_prp_pools(struct nvme_dev *dev)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_node_ids; i++) {
+		struct nvme_prp_dma_pools *prp_pools = &dev->prp_pools[i];
+
+		dma_pool_destroy(prp_pools->large);
+		dma_pool_destroy(prp_pools->small);
+	}
+}
+
 static int nvme_init_hctx(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, void *data, unsigned qid)
 {
 	struct nvme_dev *dev = to_nvme_dev(data);
 	struct nvme_queue *nvmeq = &dev->queues[qid];
+	struct nvme_prp_dma_pools *prp_pools;
 	struct blk_mq_tags *tags;
 
 	tags = qid ? dev->tagset.tags[qid - 1] : dev->admin_tagset.tags[0];
 	WARN_ON(tags != hctx->tags);
+	prp_pools = nvme_setup_prp_pools(dev, hctx->numa_node);
+	if (IS_ERR(prp_pools))
+		return PTR_ERR(prp_pools);
+
+	nvmeq->prp_pools = *prp_pools;
 	hctx->driver_data = nvmeq;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int nvme_admin_init_hctx(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, void *data,
@@ -536,27 +591,28 @@ static inline bool nvme_pci_use_sgls(struct nvme_dev *dev, struct request *req,
 	if (!sgl_threshold || avg_seg_size < sgl_threshold)
 		return nvme_req(req)->flags & NVME_REQ_USERCMD;
 	return true;
 }
 
-static void nvme_free_prps(struct nvme_dev *dev, struct request *req)
+static void nvme_free_prps(struct nvme_queue *nvmeq, struct request *req)
 {
 	const int last_prp = NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(__le64) - 1;
 	struct nvme_iod *iod = blk_mq_rq_to_pdu(req);
 	dma_addr_t dma_addr = iod->first_dma;
 	int i;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < iod->nr_allocations; i++) {
 		__le64 *prp_list = iod->list[i].prp_list;
 		dma_addr_t next_dma_addr = le64_to_cpu(prp_list[last_prp]);
 
-		dma_pool_free(dev->prp_page_pool, prp_list, dma_addr);
+		dma_pool_free(nvmeq->prp_pools.large, prp_list, dma_addr);
 		dma_addr = next_dma_addr;
 	}
 }
 
-static void nvme_unmap_data(struct nvme_dev *dev, struct request *req)
+static void nvme_unmap_data(struct nvme_dev *dev, struct nvme_queue *nvmeq,
+			    struct request *req)
 {
 	struct nvme_iod *iod = blk_mq_rq_to_pdu(req);
 
 	if (iod->dma_len) {
 		dma_unmap_page(dev->dev, iod->first_dma, iod->dma_len,
@@ -567,17 +623,17 @@ static void nvme_unmap_data(struct nvme_dev *dev, struct request *req)
 	WARN_ON_ONCE(!iod->sgt.nents);
 
 	dma_unmap_sgtable(dev->dev, &iod->sgt, rq_dma_dir(req), 0);
 
 	if (iod->nr_allocations == 0)
-		dma_pool_free(dev->prp_small_pool, iod->list[0].sg_list,
+		dma_pool_free(nvmeq->prp_pools.small, iod->list[0].sg_list,
 			      iod->first_dma);
 	else if (iod->nr_allocations == 1)
-		dma_pool_free(dev->prp_page_pool, iod->list[0].sg_list,
+		dma_pool_free(nvmeq->prp_pools.large, iod->list[0].sg_list,
 			      iod->first_dma);
 	else
-		nvme_free_prps(dev, req);
+		nvme_free_prps(nvmeq, req);
 	mempool_free(iod->sgt.sgl, dev->iod_mempool);
 }
 
 static void nvme_print_sgl(struct scatterlist *sgl, int nents)
 {
@@ -591,11 +647,11 @@ static void nvme_print_sgl(struct scatterlist *sgl, int nents)
 			i, &phys, sg->offset, sg->length, &sg_dma_address(sg),
 			sg_dma_len(sg));
 	}
 }
 
-static blk_status_t nvme_pci_setup_prps(struct nvme_dev *dev,
+static blk_status_t nvme_pci_setup_prps(struct nvme_queue *nvmeq,
 		struct request *req, struct nvme_rw_command *cmnd)
 {
 	struct nvme_iod *iod = blk_mq_rq_to_pdu(req);
 	struct dma_pool *pool;
 	int length = blk_rq_payload_bytes(req);
@@ -627,14 +683,14 @@ static blk_status_t nvme_pci_setup_prps(struct nvme_dev *dev,
 		goto done;
 	}
 
 	nprps = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE);
 	if (nprps <= (256 / 8)) {
-		pool = dev->prp_small_pool;
+		pool = nvmeq->prp_pools.small;
 		iod->nr_allocations = 0;
 	} else {
-		pool = dev->prp_page_pool;
+		pool = nvmeq->prp_pools.large;
 		iod->nr_allocations = 1;
 	}
 
 	prp_list = dma_pool_alloc(pool, GFP_ATOMIC, &prp_dma);
 	if (!prp_list) {
@@ -672,11 +728,11 @@ static blk_status_t nvme_pci_setup_prps(struct nvme_dev *dev,
 done:
 	cmnd->dptr.prp1 = cpu_to_le64(sg_dma_address(iod->sgt.sgl));
 	cmnd->dptr.prp2 = cpu_to_le64(iod->first_dma);
 	return BLK_STS_OK;
 free_prps:
-	nvme_free_prps(dev, req);
+	nvme_free_prps(nvmeq, req);
 	return BLK_STS_RESOURCE;
 bad_sgl:
 	WARN(DO_ONCE(nvme_print_sgl, iod->sgt.sgl, iod->sgt.nents),
 			"Invalid SGL for payload:%d nents:%d\n",
 			blk_rq_payload_bytes(req), iod->sgt.nents);
@@ -697,11 +753,11 @@ static void nvme_pci_sgl_set_seg(struct nvme_sgl_desc *sge,
 	sge->addr = cpu_to_le64(dma_addr);
 	sge->length = cpu_to_le32(entries * sizeof(*sge));
 	sge->type = NVME_SGL_FMT_LAST_SEG_DESC << 4;
 }
 
-static blk_status_t nvme_pci_setup_sgls(struct nvme_dev *dev,
+static blk_status_t nvme_pci_setup_sgls(struct nvme_queue *nvmeq,
 		struct request *req, struct nvme_rw_command *cmd)
 {
 	struct nvme_iod *iod = blk_mq_rq_to_pdu(req);
 	struct dma_pool *pool;
 	struct nvme_sgl_desc *sg_list;
@@ -717,14 +773,14 @@ static blk_status_t nvme_pci_setup_sgls(struct nvme_dev *dev,
 		nvme_pci_sgl_set_data(&cmd->dptr.sgl, sg);
 		return BLK_STS_OK;
 	}
 
 	if (entries <= (256 / sizeof(struct nvme_sgl_desc))) {
-		pool = dev->prp_small_pool;
+		pool = nvmeq->prp_pools.small;
 		iod->nr_allocations = 0;
 	} else {
-		pool = dev->prp_page_pool;
+		pool = nvmeq->prp_pools.large;
 		iod->nr_allocations = 1;
 	}
 
 	sg_list = dma_pool_alloc(pool, GFP_ATOMIC, &sgl_dma);
 	if (!sg_list) {
@@ -784,16 +840,16 @@ static blk_status_t nvme_setup_sgl_simple(struct nvme_dev *dev,
 }
 
 static blk_status_t nvme_map_data(struct nvme_dev *dev, struct request *req,
 		struct nvme_command *cmnd)
 {
+	struct nvme_queue *nvmeq = req->mq_hctx->driver_data;
 	struct nvme_iod *iod = blk_mq_rq_to_pdu(req);
 	blk_status_t ret = BLK_STS_RESOURCE;
 	int rc;
 
 	if (blk_rq_nr_phys_segments(req) == 1) {
-		struct nvme_queue *nvmeq = req->mq_hctx->driver_data;
 		struct bio_vec bv = req_bvec(req);
 
 		if (!is_pci_p2pdma_page(bv.bv_page)) {
 			if (!nvme_pci_metadata_use_sgls(dev, req) &&
 			    (bv.bv_offset & (NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE - 1)) +
@@ -824,13 +880,13 @@ static blk_status_t nvme_map_data(struct nvme_dev *dev, struct request *req,
 			ret = BLK_STS_TARGET;
 		goto out_free_sg;
 	}
 
 	if (nvme_pci_use_sgls(dev, req, iod->sgt.nents))
-		ret = nvme_pci_setup_sgls(dev, req, &cmnd->rw);
+		ret = nvme_pci_setup_sgls(nvmeq, req, &cmnd->rw);
 	else
-		ret = nvme_pci_setup_prps(dev, req, &cmnd->rw);
+		ret = nvme_pci_setup_prps(nvmeq, req, &cmnd->rw);
 	if (ret != BLK_STS_OK)
 		goto out_unmap_sg;
 	return BLK_STS_OK;
 
 out_unmap_sg:
@@ -841,10 +897,11 @@ static blk_status_t nvme_map_data(struct nvme_dev *dev, struct request *req,
 }
 
 static blk_status_t nvme_pci_setup_meta_sgls(struct nvme_dev *dev,
 					     struct request *req)
 {
+	struct nvme_queue *nvmeq = req->mq_hctx->driver_data;
 	struct nvme_iod *iod = blk_mq_rq_to_pdu(req);
 	struct nvme_rw_command *cmnd = &iod->cmd.rw;
 	struct nvme_sgl_desc *sg_list;
 	struct scatterlist *sgl, *sg;
 	unsigned int entries;
@@ -864,11 +921,11 @@ static blk_status_t nvme_pci_setup_meta_sgls(struct nvme_dev *dev,
 	rc = dma_map_sgtable(dev->dev, &iod->meta_sgt, rq_dma_dir(req),
 			     DMA_ATTR_NO_WARN);
 	if (rc)
 		goto out_free_sg;
 
-	sg_list = dma_pool_alloc(dev->prp_small_pool, GFP_ATOMIC, &sgl_dma);
+	sg_list = dma_pool_alloc(nvmeq->prp_pools.small, GFP_ATOMIC, &sgl_dma);
 	if (!sg_list)
 		goto out_unmap_sg;
 
 	entries = iod->meta_sgt.nents;
 	iod->meta_list.sg_list = sg_list;
@@ -946,11 +1003,11 @@ static blk_status_t nvme_prep_rq(struct nvme_dev *dev, struct request *req)
 
 	nvme_start_request(req);
 	return BLK_STS_OK;
 out_unmap_data:
 	if (blk_rq_nr_phys_segments(req))
-		nvme_unmap_data(dev, req);
+		nvme_unmap_data(dev, req->mq_hctx->driver_data, req);
 out_free_cmd:
 	nvme_cleanup_cmd(req);
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1036,10 +1093,11 @@ static void nvme_queue_rqs(struct rq_list *rqlist)
 		nvme_submit_cmds(nvmeq, &submit_list);
 	*rqlist = requeue_list;
 }
 
 static __always_inline void nvme_unmap_metadata(struct nvme_dev *dev,
+						struct nvme_queue *nvmeq,
 						struct request *req)
 {
 	struct nvme_iod *iod = blk_mq_rq_to_pdu(req);
 
 	if (!iod->meta_sgt.nents) {
@@ -1047,11 +1105,11 @@ static __always_inline void nvme_unmap_metadata(struct nvme_dev *dev,
 			       rq_integrity_vec(req).bv_len,
 			       rq_dma_dir(req));
 		return;
 	}
 
-	dma_pool_free(dev->prp_small_pool, iod->meta_list.sg_list,
+	dma_pool_free(nvmeq->prp_pools.small, iod->meta_list.sg_list,
 		      iod->meta_dma);
 	dma_unmap_sgtable(dev->dev, &iod->meta_sgt, rq_dma_dir(req), 0);
 	mempool_free(iod->meta_sgt.sgl, dev->iod_meta_mempool);
 }
 
@@ -1059,14 +1117,14 @@ static __always_inline void nvme_pci_unmap_rq(struct request *req)
 {
 	struct nvme_queue *nvmeq = req->mq_hctx->driver_data;
 	struct nvme_dev *dev = nvmeq->dev;
 
 	if (blk_integrity_rq(req))
-		nvme_unmap_metadata(dev, req);
+		nvme_unmap_metadata(dev, nvmeq, req);
 
 	if (blk_rq_nr_phys_segments(req))
-		nvme_unmap_data(dev, req);
+		nvme_unmap_data(dev, nvmeq, req);
 }
 
 static void nvme_pci_complete_rq(struct request *req)
 {
 	nvme_pci_unmap_rq(req);
@@ -2839,39 +2897,10 @@ static int nvme_disable_prepare_reset(struct nvme_dev *dev, bool shutdown)
 		return -EBUSY;
 	nvme_dev_disable(dev, shutdown);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int nvme_setup_prp_pools(struct nvme_dev *dev)
-{
-	size_t small_align = 256;
-
-	dev->prp_page_pool = dma_pool_create("prp list page", dev->dev,
-						NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE,
-						NVME_CTRL_PAGE_SIZE, 0);
-	if (!dev->prp_page_pool)
-		return -ENOMEM;
-
-	if (dev->ctrl.quirks & NVME_QUIRK_DMAPOOL_ALIGN_512)
-		small_align = 512;
-
-	/* Optimisation for I/Os between 4k and 128k */
-	dev->prp_small_pool = dma_pool_create("prp list 256", dev->dev,
-						256, small_align, 0);
-	if (!dev->prp_small_pool) {
-		dma_pool_destroy(dev->prp_page_pool);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static void nvme_release_prp_pools(struct nvme_dev *dev)
-{
-	dma_pool_destroy(dev->prp_page_pool);
-	dma_pool_destroy(dev->prp_small_pool);
-}
-
 static int nvme_pci_alloc_iod_mempool(struct nvme_dev *dev)
 {
 	size_t meta_size = sizeof(struct scatterlist) * (NVME_MAX_META_SEGS + 1);
 	size_t alloc_size = sizeof(struct scatterlist) * NVME_MAX_SEGS;
 
@@ -3182,11 +3211,12 @@ static struct nvme_dev *nvme_pci_alloc_dev(struct pci_dev *pdev,
 	unsigned long quirks = id->driver_data;
 	int node = dev_to_node(&pdev->dev);
 	struct nvme_dev *dev;
 	int ret = -ENOMEM;
 
-	dev = kzalloc_node(sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL, node);
+	dev = kzalloc_node(sizeof(*dev) + nr_node_ids * sizeof(*dev->prp_pools),
+			   GFP_KERNEL, node);
 	if (!dev)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 	INIT_WORK(&dev->ctrl.reset_work, nvme_reset_work);
 	mutex_init(&dev->shutdown_lock);
 
@@ -3257,17 +3287,13 @@ static int nvme_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev, const struct pci_device_id *id)
 
 	result = nvme_dev_map(dev);
 	if (result)
 		goto out_uninit_ctrl;
 
-	result = nvme_setup_prp_pools(dev);
-	if (result)
-		goto out_dev_unmap;
-
 	result = nvme_pci_alloc_iod_mempool(dev);
 	if (result)
-		goto out_release_prp_pools;
+		goto out_dev_unmap;
 
 	dev_info(dev->ctrl.device, "pci function %s\n", dev_name(&pdev->dev));
 
 	result = nvme_pci_enable(dev);
 	if (result)
@@ -3339,12 +3365,10 @@ static int nvme_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev, const struct pci_device_id *id)
 	nvme_dbbuf_dma_free(dev);
 	nvme_free_queues(dev, 0);
 out_release_iod_mempool:
 	mempool_destroy(dev->iod_mempool);
 	mempool_destroy(dev->iod_meta_mempool);
-out_release_prp_pools:
-	nvme_release_prp_pools(dev);
 out_dev_unmap:
 	nvme_dev_unmap(dev);
 out_uninit_ctrl:
 	nvme_uninit_ctrl(&dev->ctrl);
 out_put_ctrl:
-- 
2.45.2

Re: [PATCH v6 0/3] nvme/pci: PRP list DMA pool partitioning

[Caleb Sander Mateos]

Hi all,
It seems like there is consensus on this series and all patches have
multiple reviews. Would it be possible to queue it up for 6.16? The
NVMe tree seems like it would make sense, though maybe the dmapool
patch needs to go through the mm tree?

Thanks,
Caleb

On Fri, Apr 25, 2025 at 7:07 PM Caleb Sander Mateos
<csander@purestorage.com> wrote:
>
> NVMe commands with over 8 KB of discontiguous data allocate PRP list
> pages from the per-nvme_device dma_pool prp_page_pool or prp_small_pool.
> Each call to dma_pool_alloc() and dma_pool_free() takes the per-dma_pool
> spinlock. These device-global spinlocks are a significant source of
> contention when many CPUs are submitting to the same NVMe devices. On a
> workload issuing 32 KB reads from 16 CPUs (8 hypertwin pairs) across 2
> NUMA nodes to 23 NVMe devices, we observed 2.4% of CPU time spent in
> _raw_spin_lock_irqsave called from dma_pool_alloc and dma_pool_free.
>
> Ideally, the dma_pools would be per-hctx to minimize contention. But
> that could impose considerable resource costs in a system with many NVMe
> devices and CPUs.
>
> As a compromise, allocate per-NUMA-node PRP list DMA pools. Map each
> nvme_queue to the set of DMA pools corresponding to its device and its
> hctx's NUMA node. This reduces the _raw_spin_lock_irqsave overhead by
> about half, to 1.2%. Preventing the sharing of PRP list pages across
> NUMA nodes also makes them cheaper to initialize.
>
> Allocating the dmapool structs on the desired NUMA node further reduces
> the time spent in dma_pool_alloc from 0.87% to 0.50%.
>
> Caleb Sander Mateos (2):
>   nvme/pci: factor out nvme_init_hctx() helper
>   nvme/pci: make PRP list DMA pools per-NUMA-node
>
> Keith Busch (1):
>   dmapool: add NUMA affinity support
>
>  drivers/nvme/host/pci.c | 171 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
>  include/linux/dmapool.h |  17 +++-
>  mm/dmapool.c            |  16 ++--
>  3 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)
>
> v6:
> - Clarify description of when PRP list pages are allocated (Christoph)
> - Add Reviewed-by tags
>
> v5:
> - Allocate dmapool structs on desired NUMA node (Keith)
> - Add Reviewed-by tags
>
> v4:
> - Drop the numa_node < nr_node_ids check (Kanchan)
> - Add Reviewed-by tags
>
> v3: simplify nvme_release_prp_pools() (Keith)
>
> v2:
> - Initialize admin nvme_queue's nvme_prp_dma_pools (Kanchan)
> - Shrink nvme_dev's prp_pools array from MAX_NUMNODES to nr_node_ids (Kanchan)
>
> --
> 2.45.2
>

Re: [PATCH v6 0/3] nvme/pci: PRP list DMA pool partitioning

[Keith Busch]

On Fri, May 02, 2025 at 09:48:17AM -0700, Caleb Sander Mateos wrote:
> It seems like there is consensus on this series and all patches have
> multiple reviews. Would it be possible to queue it up for 6.16? The
> NVMe tree seems like it would make sense, though maybe the dmapool
> patch needs to go through the mm tree?

The subsequent nvme patches depend on the dmapool patch, so they all
need to go through the same tree. It's okay with me if nvme picks these
up, but I think we need an Ack from one of the mm reviewers/maintainers.

Re: [PATCH v6 0/3] nvme/pci: PRP list DMA pool partitioning

[Christoph Hellwig]

As it's been impossible to get any MM feedback even with multiple pings,
so I've tentatively queued it up in nvme-6.16.  If anyone in MM land
doesn't like this please scream now and I'll drop it ASAP.