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And no files are > actually kept in there at all. Let's ignore memfd/shmem for a moment.. It is not userspace state that is being serialized, it is *kernel* state inside device drivers like VFIO/iommufd/kvm/etc that is being serialized to the KHO. The file descriptor is simply the handle to the kernel state. It is not a "file" in any normal filesystem sense, it is just an uAPI handle for a char dev that is used with IOCTL. When KHO is triggered triggered whatever is contained inside the FD is serialized into the KHO. So we need: 1) A way to register FDs to be serialized. For instance, not every VFIO FD should be retained. 2) A way for the kexecing kernel to make callbacks to the char dev owner (probably via struct file operations) to perform the serialization 3) A way for the new kernel to ask the char dev owner to create a new struct file out of the serialized data. Probably allowed to happen only once, ie you can't clone these things. This is not the same as just opening an empty char device, it would also fill the char device with whatever data was serialized. 4) A way to get the struct file into a process fd number so userspace can route it to the right place. It is not really a stash, it is not keeping files, it is hardwired to KHO to drive it's serialize/deserialize mechanism around char devs in a very limited way. If you have that then feeding an anonymous memfd/guestmemfd through the same machinery is a fairly small and logical step. Jason