[PATCH 5/7] Provide metrics on the extent of fragmentation in zones

[Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>]

It is useful to know the state of external fragmentation in the system
and whether allocation failures are due to low memory or external
fragmentation. This patch introduces two metrics for evaluation the state of
fragmentation and exports the information to /proc/pagetypeinfo. The metrics
will be used in the future to determine if it is better to compact memory
or directly reclaim for a high-order allocation to succeed.

Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
---

 include/linux/compaction.h |   18 ++++++++
 mm/Makefile                |    2 
 mm/compaction.c            |   86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 mm/vmstat.c                |   53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 158 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff -rup -X /usr/src/patchset-0.6/bin//dontdiff linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-020_isolate_nolock/include/linux/compaction.h linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-105_measure_fragmentation/include/linux/compaction.h
--- linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-020_isolate_nolock/include/linux/compaction.h	2007-05-28 10:16:07.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-105_measure_fragmentation/include/linux/compaction.h	2007-05-29 10:20:32.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef _LINUX_COMPACTION_H
+#define _LINUX_COMPACTION_H
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
+extern int unusable_free_index(struct zone *zone, unsigned int target_order);
+extern int fragmentation_index(struct zone *zone, unsigned int target_order);
+#else
+static inline int unusable_free_index(struct zone *z, unsigned int o)
+{
+	return -1;
+}
+
+static inline int fragmentation_index(struct zone *z, unsigned int o)
+{
+	return -1;
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_MIGRATION */
+#endif /* _LINUX_COMPACTION_H */
diff -rup -X /usr/src/patchset-0.6/bin//dontdiff linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-020_isolate_nolock/mm/compaction.c linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-105_measure_fragmentation/mm/compaction.c
--- linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-020_isolate_nolock/mm/compaction.c	2007-05-25 10:35:12.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-105_measure_fragmentation/mm/compaction.c	2007-05-29 10:20:32.000000000 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * linux/mm/compaction.c
+ *
+ * Memory compaction for the reduction of external fragmentation
+ * Copyright IBM Corp. 2007 Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
+ */
+#include <linux/mmzone.h>
+
+/*
+ * Calculate the number of free pages in a zone and how many contiguous
+ * pages are free and how many are large enough to satisfy an allocation of
+ * the target size
+ */
+void calculate_freepages(struct zone *zone, unsigned int target_order,
+				unsigned long *ret_freepages,
+				unsigned long *ret_areas_free,
+				unsigned long *ret_suitable_areas_free)
+{
+	unsigned int order;
+	unsigned long freepages;
+	unsigned long areas_free;
+	unsigned long suitable_areas_free;
+
+	freepages = areas_free = suitable_areas_free = 0;
+	for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; order++) {
+		unsigned long order_areas_free;
+
+		/* Count number of free blocks */
+		order_areas_free = zone->free_area[order].nr_free;
+		areas_free += order_areas_free;
+
+		/* Count free base pages */
+		freepages += order_areas_free << order;
+
+		/* Count number of suitably large free blocks */
+		if (order >= target_order)
+			suitable_areas_free += order_areas_free <<
+							(order - target_order);
+	}
+
+	*ret_freepages = freepages;
+	*ret_areas_free = areas_free;
+	*ret_suitable_areas_free = suitable_areas_free;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return an index indicating how much of the available free memory is
+ * unusable for an allocation of the requested size. A value towards 100
+ * implies that the majority of free memory is unusable and compaction
+ * may be required.
+ */
+int unusable_free_index(struct zone *zone, unsigned int target_order)
+{
+	unsigned long freepages, areas_free, suitable_areas_free;
+
+	calculate_freepages(zone, target_order,
+				&freepages, &areas_free, &suitable_areas_free);
+
+	/* No free memory is interpreted as all free memory is unusable */
+	if (freepages == 0)
+		return 100;
+
+	return ((freepages - (suitable_areas_free << target_order)) * 100) /
+								freepages;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the external fragmentation index for a zone. Values towards 100
+ * imply the allocation failure was due to external fragmentation. Values
+ * towards 0 imply the failure was due to lack of memory. The value is only
+ * useful when an allocation of the requested order would fail and it does
+ * not take into account pages free on the pcp list.
+ */
+int fragmentation_index(struct zone *zone, unsigned int target_order)
+{
+	unsigned long freepages, areas_free, suitable_areas_free;
+
+	calculate_freepages(zone, target_order,
+				&freepages, &areas_free, &suitable_areas_free);
+
+	/* An allocation succeeding implies this index has no meaning */
+	if (suitable_areas_free)
+		return -1;
+
+	return 100 - ((freepages / (1 << target_order)) * 100) / areas_free;
+}
diff -rup -X /usr/src/patchset-0.6/bin//dontdiff linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-020_isolate_nolock/mm/Makefile linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-105_measure_fragmentation/mm/Makefile
--- linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-020_isolate_nolock/mm/Makefile	2007-05-24 10:13:34.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-105_measure_fragmentation/mm/Makefile	2007-05-29 10:20:32.000000000 +0100
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_SLAB) += slab.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SLUB) += slub.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG) += memory_hotplug.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_FS_XIP) += filemap_xip.o
-obj-$(CONFIG_MIGRATION) += migrate.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_MIGRATION) += migrate.o compaction.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SMP) += allocpercpu.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_QUICKLIST) += quicklist.o
 
diff -rup -X /usr/src/patchset-0.6/bin//dontdiff linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-020_isolate_nolock/mm/vmstat.c linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-105_measure_fragmentation/mm/vmstat.c
--- linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-020_isolate_nolock/mm/vmstat.c	2007-05-28 14:09:40.000000000 +0100
+++ linux-2.6.22-rc2-mm1-105_measure_fragmentation/mm/vmstat.c	2007-05-29 10:20:32.000000000 +0100
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/cpu.h>
 #include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <linux/compaction.h>
 #include "internal.h"
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_VM_EVENT_COUNTERS
@@ -624,6 +625,56 @@ static void pagetypeinfo_showmixedcount_
 }
 #endif /* CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER */
 
+static void pagetypeinfo_showunusable_print(struct seq_file *m,
+					pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
+{
+	unsigned int order;
+
+	seq_printf(m, "Node %4d, zone %8s %19s",
+				pgdat->node_id,
+				zone->name, " ");
+	for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order)
+		seq_printf(m, "%6d ", unusable_free_index(zone, order));
+
+	seq_putc(m, '\n');
+}
+
+/* Print out percentage of unusable free memory at each order */
+static int pagetypeinfo_showunusable(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
+{
+	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
+
+	seq_printf(m, "\nPercentage unusable free memory at order\n");
+	walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, pagetypeinfo_showunusable_print);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void pagetypeinfo_showfragmentation_print(struct seq_file *m,
+					pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
+{
+	unsigned int order;
+
+	seq_printf(m, "Node %4d, zone %8s %19s",
+				pgdat->node_id,
+				zone->name, " ");
+	for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order)
+		seq_printf(m, "%6d ", fragmentation_index(zone, order));
+
+	seq_putc(m, '\n');
+}
+
+/* Print the fragmentation index at each order */
+static int pagetypeinfo_showfragmentation(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
+{
+	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
+
+	seq_printf(m, "\nFragmentation index\n");
+	walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, pagetypeinfo_showfragmentation_print);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /*
  * Print out the number of pageblocks for each migratetype that contain pages
  * of other types. This gives an indication of how well fallbacks are being
@@ -656,6 +707,8 @@ static int pagetypeinfo_show(struct seq_
 	seq_printf(m, "Pages per block:  %lu\n", pageblock_nr_pages);
 	seq_putc(m, '\n');
 	pagetypeinfo_showfree(m, pgdat);
+	pagetypeinfo_showunusable(m, pgdat);
+	pagetypeinfo_showfragmentation(m, pgdat);
 	pagetypeinfo_showblockcount(m, pgdat);
 	pagetypeinfo_showmixedcount(m, pgdat);
 

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